Effects of Emotions on Driving Essay

There are accounted for instances of vehicular mishaps consistently in the United States. Despite the fact that drivers know that drinking and utilizing mobile phones while driving are hazardous, they disregard different elements that may add to mishaps, for example, state of being and feeling. Feelings, alongside character types, computer games and sexual orientation contrasts, decide driving conduct. Feelings can be a positive power in deciding driving conduct. For example, an individual can be spurred to drive securely by his affection for his family. Besides, on the off chance that he fears any lawful results or mishaps, it may limit him from careless driving. Then again, if an individual has passionate issues, this can prompt crash. Some may believe that feelings may have little impact on one’s driving. Be that as it may, as indicated by investigates, any sort of feeling impactsly affects driving, which can cause debilitations that the driver isn't completely mindful of. An individual who is terrified, discouraged, agitated or energized while driving might be in a similar peril as somebody who is occupied with a call or is smashed (DMV, 2008). There are additionally situations when an individual needs to drive subsequent to taking care of a crisis or in the wake of learning of a cherished one’s disorder or demise. To maintain a strategic distance from mishaps, it is prudent that the driver stop some time to get his course straight before getting in the driver's seat. Exploration about reasons for vehicular mishaps indicated that the individuals who are encountering negative and even positive feelings were at an interruption level more genuine than the individuals who were occupied with a call. These feelings can influence even incredible drivers from various perspectives. First is that they may encounter â€Å"dimmed or hindered perception and response times† (DMV, 2008). Second, drivers probably won't see flotsam and jetsam in the street or probably won't perceive circumstances, for example, easing back of traffic, which can result to hitting different vehicles in the manner. Third, drivers probably won't perceive what's going on around them (Connolly, 2007). For example, they probably won't perceive that a vehicle ahead is pivoting or is going to cross. Fourth, feelings may make drivers roll out hazardous improvements, for example, unexpected difference in paths. Fifth, they may feel as though they were withdrawn from their environmental factors (DMV, 2008). There may be a few cases wherein an individual is associated with a street rage. Street rage has become too basic nowadays. It is answerable for some instances of real wounds and mishaps out and about. These mishaps can be credited to the way that a few drivers go overboard and customize driving circumstances. Explores about street rage indicated that the greater part of the considerable number of drivers in America can communicate street rage themselves, or they can be a casualty of another driver’s street rage. Besides, the U. S. Expressway Safety Office pronounces that the numerous instances of mishaps out and about are associated with street rage or forceful driving, all things considered, street rage is currently the essential driver of death (DMV, 2008). The character sort of an individual can likewise decide his driving conduct. Character type is sorted into Type An and Type B. Type An is those that are fretful, forceful and antagonistic while Type B is those quiet people (Sedona. com, 2007). One of the attributes basic in the injurious character or Type A people is foolishness in driving. Drivers classified as Type An are consistently needing force and control. This may be a clarification for participating in street rage circumstances. Emotions’ impacts on driving can be additionally clarified by what is happening in the pieces of the mind in question. Feelings have impacts on the piece of the mind liable for reason, thought and judgment. These mind parts develop when an individual arrives at 25 years old. Along these lines, drivers underneath 25 years of age, particularly young people, are in danger of mishaps (Davis, 2005). The pieces of the mind identified with feeling and dynamic of the teenagers are as yet creating. As their cerebrum creates, youngsters are vulnerable to dangerous conduct, for example, driving excessively quick. Mind youthfulness is answerable for the high number of adolescent accident rate today. Ongoing mind explores of the National Institute of Health (NIH) have come out and demonstrated that youthful drivers are in danger of mishaps in light of the fact that the â€Å"executive branch† of the teen’s cerebrum that is to a great extent answerable for gauging dangers, making decisions and controlling indiscreet conduct isn't yet evolved. Results have demonstrated that a â€Å"16-year-old’s cerebrum is far less developed† (Davis, 2005) than those adolescents who are somewhat more established. This clarifies why there are progressively 16-year-old drivers who are at a higher danger of slamming than those more seasoned youngsters. Indeed, a recorded number of 937 drivers who are 16 years old were engaged with deadly crashes in 2003. Practically 50% of those drivers and 352 of their travelers were executed. Along these lines, youthful adolescents need oversight since they are too youthful to even think about driving. Another factor that analysts and specialists investigated to clarify the numerous instances of high schooler crashes is the computer games. Computer games on hustling highlight reasonable driving situations wherein players must race through city and traffic (Wood, 2007). A few examinations were directed to decide the connection between computer games and driving. One such investigation was directed by Douglas Gentile and Craig Anderson, the two therapists. Computer games are intelligent and locks in. In addition, fierce conduct in computer games is compensated. Hence, adolescents and even grown-ups will in general recurrent these practices as they play. Gentile and Anderson showed that thus, fierce computer games may effectsly affect animosity. The outcomes have additionally demonstrated that computer game is legitimately identified with having forceful contemplations and conduct (refered to in American Psychological Association, 2004). Another examination by German scientists has likewise demonstrated that computer games influence the individuals who play them. The specialists expressed that the computer games show â€Å"competitive and crazy driving, speeding and colliding with vehicles or people on foot, or performing hazardous stunts† (refered to in Wood, 2007). This implies the activities in computer games can result to mishaps or crashes in a sensible dashing condition. The specialists picked 198 people to partake in the examination. Results demonstrated that the individuals who play all the more regularly were probably going to take part in unsafe and forceful driving and getting into fender benders while the individuals who played less frequently were progressively careful in driving (Wood, 2007). Studies were done to decide the distinction among male and female with regards to driving. Men are more forceful than ladies, as is clarified by testosterone, the male sex hormone liable for forcefulness in men. A great many people need to know whether men will in general be forceful contrasted with ladies when driving, accordingly, an investigation indicated a circumstance wherein a male driver became disturbed when another driver cut before him. He followed the vehicle until he discovered that the driver was a female. He was stunned on the grounds that the female driver drove viciously, when in the general public ladies are not portrayed to drive forcefully. In the event that the other driver was not female, would the driver’s conduct of following the vehicle be supported? Just from perception alone, we perceive how people vary in passionate conduct when driving. Men will probably scrutinize another driver, ensuring that the other driver can hear him. Ladies, then again, will probably censure different drivers to themselves since they dread counter. There are likewise examples when passionate practices impede safe driving. For example, a young lady requested that her beau drive her home, however the sweetheart got furious. At 60mph, he sped around corners where as far as possible was 25mph. The boyfriend’s need for being in charge constrained his sweetheart to consent to his feelings. Outrage once in a while outwits drivers. It results to conduct that is ruinous for both the driver and the traveler (Lucey, n. d. ). Feelings influence driving. At the point when an individual is thrilled, terrified, stressed or discouraged, the person in question probably won't have the option to perform well in driving. Beside feelings, different elements that can influence driving are character types, computer game impacts and sex contrasts. References American Psychological Association.(2004, June 8). Brutal computer games †Psychologists help shield kids from destructive impacts. Recovered December 1, 2008, from http://www. psychologymatters. organization/videogames. html Connolly, A. (2007). The most effective method to control your feelings out and about. Related Content. Recovered December 1, 2008, from http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/157425/how_to_control_your_emotions_on_the. html Davis, R. (2005). 16, Is it too youthful to even consider driving a vehicle? USA Today. Recovered December 1, 2008, from http://www. usatoday. com/teach/school/firstyear/articles/20050306. htm DMV. (2008). How feelings influence driving. Recovered December 1, 2008, from http://www. dmv. organization/how-to-guides/driving-and-feelings. php Lucey, C. (n. d. ). Sexual orientation contrasts in driving standards. Recovered December 1, 2008, from http://www. soc. hawaii. edu/leonj/459ss97/clucey/report2. html#2 Sedona. com. (2007). Type A character, Type B character: How much would we say we are truly constrained by â€Å"personality types†? Recovered December 1, 2008, from http://www. sedona. com/lp-typeA. aspx Wood, J. (2007). Video hustling games may spike dangerous driving: study. Soft32. com. Recovered December 1, 2008, from http://news. soft32. com/video-dashing games-may-spike unsafe driving-study_3722. html

National Australian Consumer Law- Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Basically break down how the Australian Consumer Law influences engineers selling land to the extent that that law administers. Answer: Presentation In the Australian lawful framework, the arrangement of Australian Consumer Law (ACL) is a noteworthy advance towards managing the worry of reasonable exchanging and customer insurance. It is the aftereffect of wide agreeable change that has been directed by the Commonwealth and region and state governments. It is with the assistance of this bit of Legislation, wherein moves can be made against people and organizations breaking ACL. Consequently considering the above talked about viewpoints, the current task would feature on manners by which ACL impacts designers selling land. In this specific circumstance, the effect of ACL on designers selling area will be talked about with specific accentuation on distortion and out of line contract terms. Deception So as to talk about the effect of ACL on designers offering land with respect to deception and unjustifiable agreement terms, it is fundamental to examine the idea of ACL. It is the consequence of wide scope of agreeable change performed by Commonwealth and region and state governments. It essentially manages reasonable exchanging and buyer insurance. The bit of law supplanted Trade Practices Act 1974 and is a timetable to Competition and Consumer Act 2010. Leg tendon is being controlled by Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) (Ross et al., 2013). In cases related with the penetrate of the law moves can be made against the mindful person. The viewpoints secured under ACL incorporate flexibly of administrations or merchandise, award or offer of interests in land and the gracefully of monetary administrations or items. With regards to land exchanges, ACL is related with general prohibition on tricky or deluding conduct in exchange or business. In land exchanges ACL likewise forces general prohibition on unconscionable lead in exchange. Under ACL, the arrangement exists for making uncalled for contract terms void in shopper contracts. Explicit uncalled for practices can be prohibited in exchange and trade under ACL (Miller, 2010). Under ACL in land exchanges, the buyers merchandise security and item related administrations are required to be kept up. The implementation and definition of data gauges are likewise required to be kept up under ACL. Under Section 18 of ACL people are precluded in exchange or trade from participating in lead which are beguiling in nature or misdirecting or may bring about deluding or deceiving the included gatherings. Under Section 30 of ACL, it has been precluded according to deal or advancement of an enthusiasm for land or conceivable deal, deceiving or bogus portrayals in relationship to nature of the enthusiasm for land, sponsorship, connection or endorsement of the individual creation the announcement, payable cost for land, qualities of land, area of land, the utilization or utility of the land being put or may legitimately be put and the accessibility or presence or offices related to the land. This is relevant in portrayals related with exchanges identified with offer of interests in explicit land packages. The effect on designers selling land because of encroachment of Section 30 of the demonstration may bring about common procedures because of the harms, a directive or a monetary punish ment, healing requests (Nottage, 2010). Under the demonstration, it has been expressed with respect to which parts of agreement might be viewed as deluding or bogus that is exposed to careful thought of the courts. The main goal in this setting is thinking about the way that portrayal isn't simply confined to verbal proclamation. It is stretched out to an explanation that has been made orally or by suggestion from behaviors or words or in compositions. It likewise incorporates drawings and plans, photos, pictures, maps or aura, motions and different behaviors (Malbon and Nottage, 2013). Notwithstanding the above talked about angles, quiet to a pertinent certainty can likewise be considered as portrayal, especially in circumstances in which misleading statement or portrayal has been played out that, at a specific timeframe was a reality that is not any more important in setting to introduce timespan. In this setting it is required to be referenced here that it isn't constantly required to make a portrayal to another person who at long last brings guarantee for example representee. The main perspective to be considered in this setting is whether a deceptive or bogus portrayal have been made or not, because of which with respect to the representee may encounter harm or misfortune (Rochow, 2010). Considering the above made conversation it might be expressed that deception infers a portrayal which negates the reality. A fundamental viewpoint to be featured in this setting is, it isn't constantly important for the individual creation the portrayal to realize that the announcement is bogus in nature. With respect to the individual creation the portrayal may have accept or recognition that the announcement is valid in nature. In any case, the absence of information in regards to the misrepresentation of the announcement or the discernment that the announcement is valid in nature won't b ring about giving them insurance from the obligation (Paterson, 2011). To decide whether a portrayal is deluding in nature, the whole portrayal is considered alongside the setting in which the portrayal has been made. Therefore, with respect to either parties, without thinking about the related conversation, for the most part the setting wherein the announcements were made, can't pick specific proclamations. A mentionable case related with deception and the viewpoints mulled over with respect to court to believe specific portrayals to be misdirecting or bogus in nature is Pryor v Given (1979) 24 ALR 442; (1980) 30 ALR 189 (FC). It is with the assistance of the specific case situation with the assistance of which the methodology of court in such cases can be watched (Findlaw, 2017). The specific case was in advance to the Federal Court of Australia related with choice under 53A(1)(b) of the pervious Trade Practices Act 1974 (the TPA). In the specific case the court held the appealing party as convict of offering deluding expressions identified with the offer of land. The grounds on which the legitimate activity was started and revolved around was advisements available to be purchased of land in various media which utilize the expression a brilliant spot to live and watch it develop. These advertisements likewise included pictorial portrayals of various houses. In the specific case, the co urt inspected the commercials overall and furthermore thought about the photos and expressions of the promotion (Harris, 2013). On examining the promotion, it was seen by the court that a portrayal was made by appellants expressing that houses could be developed on the specific real estate parcel, while the reality repudiated their case wherein, the land was exposed to an arranging plan that required uncommon endorsement from the position. The potential buyers of the specific land parcel were likewise exposed to difficult conditions. It was likewise held by the court that any person who saw the commercial would arrive at the resolution that houses could be based on the specific land parcel being referred to. At last, it was found by the court that the appealing party was related with deluding portrayal in regards to the utilization of land that brought about break of Sec 53A(1)(b) of the TPA that was a forerunner to Sec 30(1)(f) of ACL. A fascinating part of Sec 30 of ACL is the absence of prerequisite to foundation the deal due to or prone to happen from the deceptive portrayal (kottgunn, 2014). Under the arrangements of ACL, portrayals made corresponding to advancement of the offer of land with the assistance of leaflet that has been made accessible to people in general is viewed as enough to show that an individual is related with misdirecting or bogus explanations. With respect to engineers selling the land, due to related to such distortion under Sec 30 of ACL may have huge unfavorable effect running from common procedures identified with the harm, a monetary punishment or directive or therapeutic requests. The money related punishments that might be experienced with respect to the engineers because of penetrate of Sec18 of ACL for example misdirecting or misleading behavior in the event that it is an enterprise is potential pay for the case which is comparable if there should arise an occurrence of people too. It is required to be noted here that these cases are not exposed to exclusion orders or common monetary punishments. Notwithstanding, with respect to petitioner, they are qualified under the law for look for money related remuneration up to a time of 6 years post the event of the direct (Corones, 2011). If there should arise an occurrence of penetrate of Sec 30 of ACL which manages offer of land and for making bogus or deceiving portray als the engineers, if partnerships need to confront monetary punishments up to $ 1.1 million or if working independently need to confront budgetary punishments up to $ 220,000. With respect to the designers selling land, if there should be an occurrence of their related with specific occasions of misdirecting or bogus lead need to experience common procedures and the case will be considered as common cases, in which the budgetary punishment that might be forced on the engineer by the court is up to $ 1.1 million if there should arise an occurrence of enterprises and up to $ 220,000 if there should be an occurrence of people (Webb, 2016). The engineer may likewise be given encroachment saw because of which the individual will be forced with spot fines, which, if there should arise an occurrence of enterprises are up to $ 6,600 and in the event of people it is up to $ 1,320. It is important here that on the off chance that an encroachment notice isn't paid by the engineer the issue ma y bring about indictment and on foundation of which may bring about greatest punishments. Unjustifiable Contract Terms Calendar 2 of ACL directs the out of line terms identified with buyer contracts. With respect to the property designers

Finals Week Survival

Finals Week Survival And with that, my first semester finals have come and gone. A mixture of stress, procrastination, preparation, and nerves all worked together for a bunch of tests, papers, and projects. I am glad to say that I made it! Gif from Giphy.com Not that I actually thought I wouldnt. You see, finals week is, as expected, no easy feat. But the truth is that if you worked hard in high school and developed good study habits, then finals week in college is not as impossible as it seems. The content may be harder than high school finals were, but the great thing about finals is that youve already learned the material once, so studying is really just a big review. Now, thats not to say that if you pulled straight As in high school you dont have to study for finals in college. Studying weeks in advance is advised. But the silver lining is that if you pulled straight As, you are prepared for the hard work and hours of studying ahead. Finals are a challenging time for everyone regardless of major, minor, or smarts. Remember to eat full meals, exercise before sitting for a long study session, and get enough sleep. Cramming really never helped anyone. Rachel Class of 2020 I am studying Middle Grades Education with concentrations in Social Sciences and Literacy in the College of Education. Although I now reside in Champaign, I am originally from Vernon Hills, a Northwest suburb of Chicago.

Sexism The Stem, By Alexandria Storm Essay - 1293 Words

Sexism in the STEM By Alexandria Storm Jan 11, 2015 Sexism in the Workplace Modern day sexism can be a very delicate topic, but people need to recognize that it s still a problem in the workplace. Before jumping to the conclusion that this is another extreme feminist perspective, it s important to understand one thing. Although significant progress has been made in the past few decades, women are not treated as equal partners to men in the many job fields. Freida Pinto, the leading actress in Slumdog Millionaire was interviewed recently. She did an excellent job clarifying a common misunderstanding of feminism. Feminism to me is equality. There is no man over woman and vice versa. Feminism is a very misconstrued and misunderstood topic. As soon as we say feminism, it does not mean all men should become subordinate and women should be the ones who rule the world. The only way we can have a progressive and successful country or world is when men and women treat each other as equals. It s sad to think that a term for someone who is in support of gender equality is now a negatively viewed thing. An important thing to remember is that gender equality means equality for both genders, and reverse sexism is not the solution. Once you grasp that it s easier to understand modern day sexism. The workplace is an important area to focus on sexism, since there is statistical data to show that women are not equally represented or treated. Careers where women are very

New Ideas Into Samples of Essay on Never Before Revealed

New Ideas Into Samples of Essay on Never Before Revealed Top Choices of Samples of Essay on All you have to do is specify if you want your essay to be delivered. There are several different elements involved with writing an effective essay. After you've determined the point of your essay, you will know what information has to be included and the way that it has to be presented. There's, obviously, a limit on the variety of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. It's very important to understand the vital guidelines on how best to employ a ghost writer, to be able to achieve highest quality of writing while keeping up the credit and rights for the writing with you. As a consequence, spending money to deal with your essays could be challenging. It is rather simple to come across creative writing jobs on the web. Writing an essay that explains what goals you w ould like to pursue in your upcoming career is a skill you are going to have to demonstrate a lot for a student. Naturally, there are instances as soon as your instructor may offer certain topics to work on or a set of topics from which you may choose. If you are searching for assistance with your essay then we provide a comprehensive writing service given by fully qualified academics in your area of study. Another reason given by students for not having the ability to finish their essays in time is deficiency of sufficient time, particularly when the assignment is issued near deadline. As the last paragraph is represents your very last opportunity to create your case and, being such, should stick to an extremely rigid format. Don't hesitate to browse the webpage and click on any individual download hyperlink button below a sample which you like. 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Job Offer Letter Free Essays

Mary Janes 3341 av Cham, Montreal, QC H3C1J5 (514)566 7776, ling-chun. liu@hec. ca February 13, 2013 Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Job Offer Letter or any similar topic only for you Order Now Joseph Bleau Recruitment Coordinator Reynolds and Reynolds Ltd. 3 Robert Speck Parkway Mississauga, ON L4Z 2G5 Dear Mr. Bleau: I am a senior at XXX Uni majoring in Business with a focus in Management. I plan to graduate in the Spring of 2013, and I am applying for job of account manager with Reynolds and Reynolds, one of the world’s leading automobile dealer support companies. I believe that my academic and practical experience make me well suited for a position with your organization. As shown in the resume, I am studying in Montreal and taking bilingual courses in my university, which can ensure that I am able to speak French and English frequently. Also, as an intern at Pearson Company before, my responsibilities included maintaining customer relationships by assisting with sales and customer service. I have gained skills in setting goals and quotas and making plans to meet them. I am able to establish and build up long-standing relationships with potential customers at the same time as providing service to existing accounts. In addition, I demonstrated an ability to work under pressure and meet deadlines in my internship. I am willing to travel extensively and work long hours to meet or exceed company goals. My resume, which I have enclosed for your review, contains additional details about my professional accomplishments. It would be a pleasure to meet with you at your convenience to discuss my qualifications and the value I can bring to your organization. Thank you for your kind consideration. Sincerely, Mary Janes How to cite Job Offer Letter, Essay examples

Workplace Communication Comparison free essay sample

This is a combination of both expository writing and also technical since there are times that an email is just telling about a change where there are also times that we are explaining what needs to be done. There is not one said person that is in charge of the technical writing at work we all seem to do a little bit of it. †¢ What are some common issues you have seen with written communication in the workplace? I would have to say that an issue I see a lot of is that an email is sent and it has too much information in it and when you’re super busy it is hard to just take the time to read it. I myself have a tendency when I send an email to put what the subject is in the subject line of the email since this is the first thing that a reader sees. We will write a custom essay sample on Workplace Communication Comparison or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †¢ How can an organization benefit from well-written communication? If an organization has a well-written form of communication it will help to make sure that what is being communicated is done correctly and understood which will cut down on the questions being raised after the fact. †¢ How do written communication skills differ from verbal communication skills? What are the challenges a skilled verbal communicator might encounter when performing technical writing? With verbal communication skills you can just say whatever comes to your mind whereas with written one needs to think about what is being said and how. A challenge for a skilled verbal communicator could be that they are so use to speaking they will leave out important information in written for so they will need to make sure they do a lot of checking what is being written.

Free Essays on Fiber Optics

The Technology of Fiber Optics A fiber optic is a cable that is quickly replacing out-dated copper wires. Fiber optics are based on a concept known as total internal reflection. It can transmit video, sound, or data in either analog or digital form. Compared to copper wires it can transmit thousands of times more data and has many general uses ranging from telecommunications, computing, and medicine. In the summer of 1970, scientists at the Corning Glass Works developed a single mode fiber with a loss of 20 dB/km. This corresponds to over a 99% loss over one km, which may seem useless, but at the time it was a spectacular breakthrough. On October 30, 1986, a fiber across the English Channel became operational. In December 1988, the TAT-8, the first transatlantic fiber cable became fully functional. Currently, the standard losses of fiber are within 0.5 – 0.25 dB/km with a data transfer rate of one trillion bits per second. The basic setup for a fiber optical system is that first, a transmitter receives an electrical signal, usually from a copper wire. The transmitter drives a current on a light source and the light source launches the optical signal into the fiber. Inside the cable, repeaters often amplify the signal due to slight losses in power. Once the signal is through the cable, a light detector receives and converts it back to an electrical signal to send down another copper wire. There are five layers in almost all fiber optic cables. The inner most layer is the optical core. This is the light-carrying element typically made of silica or germania with an index of refraction of 1.48. The layer surrounding the central core is the optical cladding made of pure silica and has an index of refraction of 1.46. It is the boundary between these two layers that the light reflects off of, so the light never actually enters the cladding, it just reflects off the boundary. The next layer is the buffer material that shields the... Free Essays on Fiber Optics Free Essays on Fiber Optics The Technology of Fiber Optics A fiber optic is a cable that is quickly replacing out-dated copper wires. Fiber optics are based on a concept known as total internal reflection. It can transmit video, sound, or data in either analog or digital form. Compared to copper wires it can transmit thousands of times more data and has many general uses ranging from telecommunications, computing, and medicine. In the summer of 1970, scientists at the Corning Glass Works developed a single mode fiber with a loss of 20 dB/km. This corresponds to over a 99% loss over one km, which may seem useless, but at the time it was a spectacular breakthrough. On October 30, 1986, a fiber across the English Channel became operational. In December 1988, the TAT-8, the first transatlantic fiber cable became fully functional. Currently, the standard losses of fiber are within 0.5 – 0.25 dB/km with a data transfer rate of one trillion bits per second. The basic setup for a fiber optical system is that first, a transmitter receives an electrical signal, usually from a copper wire. The transmitter drives a current on a light source and the light source launches the optical signal into the fiber. Inside the cable, repeaters often amplify the signal due to slight losses in power. Once the signal is through the cable, a light detector receives and converts it back to an electrical signal to send down another copper wire. There are five layers in almost all fiber optic cables. The inner most layer is the optical core. This is the light-carrying element typically made of silica or germania with an index of refraction of 1.48. The layer surrounding the central core is the optical cladding made of pure silica and has an index of refraction of 1.46. It is the boundary between these two layers that the light reflects off of, so the light never actually enters the cladding, it just reflects off the boundary. The next layer is the buffer material that shields the...

The History and Archaeology of Vindija Cave

The History and Archaeology of Vindija Cave Vindija Cave is a stratified paleontological and archaeological site in Croatia, which has several occupations associated with both Neanderthals and Anatomically Modern Humans (AMH). Vindija includes a total of 13 levels dated between 150,000 years ago and the present, spanning the upper part of the Lower Paleolithic, Middle Paleolithic, and Upper Paleolithic periods. Although several of the levels are sterile of hominin remains or have been disturbed primarily cryoturbations ice wedging, there are some stratigraphically separated hominin levels at Vindija Cave associated with humans and Neanderthals. Although the earliest recognized hominid occupations date to ca. 45,000 bp, deposits at Vindija include strata that comprise a huge number of animal bones, including tens of thousands of specimens, 90% of which are cave bears, over a period of more than 150,000 years. This record of animals in the region has been used to establish data about the climate and habitat of northwest Croatia during that period. The site was first excavated in the first half of the 20th century, and more extensively excavated between 1974 and 1986 by Mirko Malez of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts. In addition to archaeological and faunal remains, numerous archaeological and faunal remains, with over 100 hominin discoveries have been found at Vindija Cave. Specimens in Level G3 (38,000-45,000 years bp), the lowest hominin-bearing level, are Neanderthals and are associated with exclusively Mousterian artifacts.Specimens in Level G1 (32,000-34,000 years bp) represent the most recent Neanderthals at the site and are associated with both Mousterian and Upper Paleolithic stone tools.Hominins in Level F (31,000-28,000 years bp) are associated with Aurignacian and according to researchers look a little like both AMH and Neanderthal.Hominins in Level D (less than 18,500 years bp, the uppermost hominid-bearing strata in the cave, are associated with Gravettian culture artifacts  and represent only anatomically modern humans. Vindija Cave and mtDNA In 2008, researchers reported that a complete mtDNA sequence had been retrieved from a thigh bone of one of the Neanderthals recovered from Vindija Cave. The bone (called Vi-80) comes from level G3, and it was direct-dated to 38,310  ± 2130 RCYBP. Their research suggests that the two hominins who occupied Vindija Cave at different timesearly modern Homo sapiens and Neanderthalswere clearly separate species. Even more interestingly, Lalueza-Fox and colleagues have discovered similar DNA sequencesfragments of sequences, that isin Neanderthals from Feldhofer Cave (Germany) and El Sidron (northern Spain), suggesting a common demographic history among groups in eastern Europe and the Iberian peninsula. In 2010, the Neanderthal Genome Project announced that it had finished a complete DNA sequence of Neanderthal genes, and discovered that between 1 and 4 percent of the genes that modern humans carry around with them come from Neanderthals, directly contradicting their own conclusions just two years ago. Read more about the latest findings about Neanderthal and Human Interbreeding The Last Glacial Maximum and Vindija Cave A recent study reported in Quaternary International (Miracle et al. listed below) describes the climate data recovered from Vindija Cave, and Veternica, Velika pecina, two other caves in Croatia. Interestingly, the fauna indicate that during the period between 60,000 and 16,000 years ago, the region had a moderate, broadly temperate climate with a range of environments. In particular, there seems to have been no significant evidence for what was thought to be a shift to cooler conditions at the onset of the Last Glacial Maximum, about 27,000 years bp. Sources Each of the links below leads to a free abstract, but payment is needed for the full article unless otherwise noted. Ahern, James C. M., et al. 2004 New discoveries and interpretations of hominid fossils and artifacts from Vindija Cave, Croatia. Journal of Human Evolution 4627-4667. Burbano HA, et al. 2010. Targeted Investigation of the Neandertal Genome by Array-Based Sequence Capture. Science 238:723-725. Free download Green RE, et al. 2010. A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome. Science 328:710-722. Free download Green, Richard E., et al. 2008 A Complete Neandertal Mitochondrial Genome Sequence Determined by High-Throughput Sequencing. Cell 134(3):416-426. Green, Richard E., et al. 2006 Analysis of one million base pairs Neanderthal DNA. Nature 444:330-336. Higham, Tom, et al. 2006 Revised direct radiocarbon dating of the Vindija G1 Upper Paleolithic Neandertals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 10(1073):553-557. Lalueza-Fox, Carles, et al. 2006 Mitochondrial DNA of an Iberian Neandertal suggests a population affinity with other European Neandertals. Current Biology 16(16):R629-R630. Miracle, Preston T., Jadranka Mauch Lenardic, and Dejana Brajkovic. in press Last glacial climates, Refugia, and faunal change in Southeastern Europe: Mammalian assemblages from Veternica, Velika pecina, and Vindija caves (Croatia). Quaternary International in press Lambert, David M. and Craig D. Millar 2006 Ancient genomics is born. Nature 444:275-276. Noonan, James P., et al. 2006 Sequencing and Analysis of Neanderthal Genomic DNA. Science 314:1113-1118. Smith, Fred. 2004. Flesh and Bone: Analyses of Neandertal Fossils Reveal Diet was High in Meat Content Free press release, Northern Illinois University. Serre, David, et al. 2004 No Evidence of Neandertal mtDNA Contribution to Early Modern Humans. PLoS Biology  2(3):313-317.

Research Topics with Explanation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Research Topics with Explanation - Assignment Example uld be changed to factor in the changes that have occurred over the past two decades since the law was passed to meet the needs of employees (Glynn, 2013). As such, the appropriate audiences that are targeted by this discussion are the employees, the employers and the legislatures who are responsible for making the laws. Certainly, although Americans workers have benefited from the law, it should be changed to incorporate the changes that have occurred in the past years since the signing of the act into law as will be demonstrated in the paper. The issue of tax has often been characterized by the strong debate. In 2012, President Obama proposed that the tax rate on earnings above $250,000 be raised (McArdle, 2012). Accordingly, I have chosen this topic because the tax is an issue that is of great concern to all American workers. Whenever a tax is raised or reduced, it affects Americans workers directly, thus a need to understand the effects of any changes in the tax proposal (Kasprak, 2012). This discussion will be addressed to the stakeholders who are impacted with the tax proposals, including the American middle class, lawmakers and the public at large. Accordingly, the paper will analyze the impacts that raising the tax on earning above $250,000 will have on the Americans who earn above this amount and its overall effect on the U.S. economy. According to American law, a criminal defendant can only be convicted of an offense when all the jurors agree and vote guilty as charged (Mackenzie, 2013). This ruling was handed by the Supreme Court in 1972 in which the court found that the 6th Amendment requires that unanimity in the countries federal courts (Jones, 2010). However, I found this topic interesting to study because it highlights the controversy between the federal and state courts since some state courts do not require unanimity in a criminal conviction. Therefore, studying this topic can be of value to the state and federal courts, the convicts, and the

Color Revolutions and Democracy promotion Research Paper

Color Revolutions and Democracy promotion - Research Paper Example The term â€Å"color revolutions† is largely used in describing as a single phenomenon various non-violent protests that have succeeded in ousting or overthrowing totalitarian regimes during the twenty-first century’s first decade (Finkel and Brudny, 2013). This phenomenon has involved thousands of people who wear colored symbols, take to the streets, as well as show their discontent with the incumbent regime. At the same time, the opposition is legitimized by the same crowds and therefore being able to negotiate political or regime change with the authorities. The term, geographically, has tended to encompass only post-communist states in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. However, there is evidence that such movements have also been started in the Middle East (Beachain and Polese, 2010). This paper will discuss the color revolutions in Georgia, Serbia, and Ukraine and the process of democracy promotion afterwards by focusing on the influence of outside forces . The Republic of Georgia was one of the fifteen former Soviet Union republics to start a transition towards a state based on democracy and market economy, in 1991, following the disintegration of the Soviet Union coupled with the abolition of both the Comecon and the Warsaw Pact (Stewart, 2012). The color revolution in Georgia was symbolized by the Georgian Revolution of Roses often translated as â€Å"Rose Revolution†. This revolution is seen through five factors: external forces, the people, the civil society, the opposition, and the character of the regime. Ever since Georgia declared itself independent in 1991 under the leadership of Zviad Gamsakhurdia, it was a country in transition from totalitarianism towards free market economy and democracy (MacKinnon, 2008). Political theorists argue that enhancement of democracy is done by individuals embedded in certain

Communicating the Scientific Consensus on Climate Change

Communicating the Scientific Consensus on Climate Change Marie Claire Attard Bason For many centuries, Climate change has been one of the most complicated problems around the world. It is a very difficult phenomenon to avoid, yet it can be manageable with the help of proper initiatives. All aspects of community life, including; Agriculture, economy, transportation, energy, culture and also construction are impacted by such climatic changes. (Schneider, 2009; Bode, Monroe Megalos, 2014). As members of society, with our daily lifestyle choices and motivation by a sequence of values, beliefs, norms and interpretation of the world, make us key players of climate change. Unfortunately, all of these are now challenged by global warming, and it is not surprising to see that people around the world are forming different trends in opinion sand different perceptions about anthropogenic climate change (Nature Climate Change, 2013). The 2013 IPCC report on climate change stated that there is a 95 % assurance that climate change is happening because it is caused by humans (IPCC 2013), moreover, this is not the only report that came to this conclusion. In fact, there are recent reviews done on different scientific abstracts with regards to this subject and have found out that most of these papers have accepted the scientific consensus on humans causing global warming (Cook et al. 2013) (Van der Linden et. al, 2014). Furthermore, there are scientists, some of which are considered to be of a high-profile that still put forward other possible reasons for observed changes of climate around the world (Abraham et. al, 2014). Understanding the Scientific Consensus: The development of a scientific understanding is often distinguished by a number of studies that suggest new and alternative reasons of why certain behaviors exist in the natural world. These, then, may or may not be acknowledged by other scientists; however, one could possibly consider investigating and testing furthermore the suggested ideas. More than 100 years ago, the first studies on greenhouse gases and their effect on the Earth’s climate were published (Fourier, 1824; Tyndall 1861; Arrhenius, 1896). Moreover, during the next following years, ways to improve the concept of AGW (Anthropogenic Global Warming) were suggested, yet the basic standards of it were already set. Unfortunately, the general public has continued to be hesitant on whether or not to dismiss the idea of Anthropogenic Global Warming in general or dismiss the concept of the scientific consensus (Zimmerman, 2008; Doran and Zimmerman, 2009; Leiserowitz et al., 2011; Leiserowitz et al., 2012; Pew, 2012). I n order to establish the degree of both of these ideas, a number of different approaches have been followed (Abraham et. al, 2014). Political scientists, sociologists and psychologists, have concentrated their studies on distinctive aspects that can influence the views of the public on global warming, yet they still argue the role of the scientific information and the idea of scientific consensus on climate change (Nature Climate Change, 2013). Now in the case of climate change, as mentioned in the previous text, multiple data show that greenhouse gases, produced by humans, are being captured inside the atmospheric zone, causing the surrounding area to warm. In his Skeptical Science paper, John Cook suggests that people are accepting more the fact that climate change is induced by humans, therefore a number of initiatives are being taken into consideration in order to tackle this phenomenon.Even though studies have shown that most scientists agree on the causes of climate change, people are still not sure what to believe. Why? In the past, scholars have claimed that scientists disagree amongst themselves on the c auses of climate change. Other studies have also suggested that there is a false balance in the media, where journalists introduce a point in question (in this case; Climate change) as being more about how people feel and think than the actual evidence provided (Donald Pidcock, 2013). The current Situation: There is the need to correct such misunderstandings about the scientific consensus. Public engagement with climate change has been taken for granted due to the fact that there is a huge gap in knowledge or public understanding. The â€Å"knowledge-deficit model†; coined by social scientists studying the public communication of science in the 1980s, has unfortunately been put into question (Moser and Dilling 2011; Sturgis and Allum 2004). In 2012, Kahan et al. have argued that conflicts over climate change have little to do with the public’s understanding of the scientific evidence. Yet, other recent research has repeatedly shown that the perceived level of scientific agreement on human-caused climate change actually functions as a critical â€Å"gateway belief† (Ding et al. 2011; Lewandowsky et al. 2013; McCright et al. 2013) (Van der Linden et. al, 2014) The public’s view of the scientific consensus is important on several aspects, especially when creating views and opinions on complicated scientific topics. The public depends on available sources of information to form their opinion, and trust that these sources are reliable. Their perception of scientific consensus also complements with a number of important beliefs and approaches towards serious interests on climate change and support ideas of mitigation (Ding et al., 2011; McCright et al., 2013). As found by Malka et al. (2009), the perception of scientific consensus brings about an agreement between the connection on climate concern and climate knowledge. This means that when one learns more about climate change and how it is produced, it automatically increases the attention and concern. These findings give boost to others by increasing people’s perceptive that climate change is happening, through the communication of the scientific consensus (Lewandowsky et al., 2012; Bolsen et al., 2014). If people keep on thinking that there is a disagreement amongst scientists, especially about Anthropogenic Global Warming, then it will definitely take longer to find action support. This controversy between the perception of the public and the overwhelming agreements amongst scientists, especially when there is a particular scientific topic being discussed, is defined by the â€Å"consensus gap†. This gap is causing strong effects on our society (Abraham et. al, 2014). The effect of the media: Given that most people get their awareness from mass media, one has to make sure that such information is given at best quality, so as to be more affective. Two main sources of mass media that impose great limitations when it comes to the scientific communication are the newspapers and television. The main reasons are that television news stories, often have less than a minute of air time, therefore these can’t be very detailed and informative, whilst newspaper articles are longer, but then again, they are not explained in scientific terms, so people still won’t truly understand the true meaning of climate change and what contributes to it. Scientists also need to understand more the journalistic norms and how journalisms work, whilst on the other hand, communicators should make an effort in increasing the scientific literacy of their mass audience in their articles/ segments and also explain how scientists have become more confident on different knowledge claims, espec ially when it comes to using probability statements. Furthermore, communicators should also make it more clearly to the public that just because there are different conclusions on specific scientific data/ findings, which may or may not be questionable to some groups in society, it might not mean that the real scientific methods, theories and bodies of evidence are at issue within the scientific community (Schneider, 2009) How to improve the public’s perception on climate change: Media communicators should continually promote and reveal the numerous ambitions, goals and strategies of climate change to those people who have an opposing view on this topic and who believe or claims that it is falsely presented by the scientific community. Right or wrong, such people do not follow a valid scientific method, therefore they lack of evidence and scientific support, and they cannot be reliable- their beliefs lacks of scientific status (Moser Dilling, 2011). In addition to communicating the scientific consensus, experts have agreed that certain messages would definitely make a difference. Climate change is real and that people are the main reason of its cause. Climate change is harmful to people, and people need to find ways to reduce it (Maibach et. al., 2014). Oversimplifying such messages can definitely lead to misunderstanding. Moreover, it is not that difficult to reduce the scientific consensus down to a few key sentences. In fact these might encourage people to search and point out reliable sources (Bode, Monroe Megalos, 2014) Communicators have concluded that the reason for lack of public engagement is due to the fact that there has been lack of information and understanding, therefore this issue needs to improve in order to encourage more people to be inspired and take action. They also concluded that if people have fear on potential disasters because no action has been taken yet, than it would motivate them to take action. Mass communication is by far the best way to reach the public with regards to this issue (Moser Dilling, 2011). Communicators have the possibility to use different ways, represent different values, and promote political, cultural, social, and economic frameworks of climate change, through a national discussion (Schneider, 2009) An experiment conducted by Sander van der Linden, Anthony Leiserowitz, Geoffrey Feinberg and Edward W. in 2014, tested three popular ways to communicating the scientific consensus. In the first try, a simple message was shown to a number of participants stating that: â€Å"97% of climate scientists have concluded that human-caused climate change is happening†. In the second try, the same participants were shown a pie chart describing the scientific consensus in a more visual way. For the third attempt, different metaphors where used to describe the consensus. At the end of this experiment, the participants were asked to express what they thought about the scientific consensus before and after participating in this experiment. This concluded that all of the three approaches; the descriptive text, the pie chart and the metaphors, made the public understand more on what the scientific consensus is about. Both the pie chart and the descriptive text were the most effective on the p articipants than the metaphors. The pie chart was then more efficient with people that had political backgrounds. To conclude results show that in order to improve the public’s knowledge on the scientific consensus on climate change; one has to find a way to ensure that the individual is not defined by political persuasion. Scientists, policy makers and even NGO’s have shown to respond more to using short, simple declarative sentences or simple pie charts to communicate the scientific consensus to the public. Since, metaphors were proven less effective; however they still can be very beneficial in explaining difficult scientific concepts. At the end of the day, in order to help improve the state of communication on the issue of climate change, every possible approach is better than nothing. It is important to help people gain knowledge, shape their way of thinking and help them understand more the purpose of a scientific consensus (Van der Linden et. al, 2014) Improving from climate change It will take a huge global effort to create and implement new ways to reduce climate change instances. There is the need to design and embrace new technologies that are aimed to reduce emissions caused by green-house gases so that damaging consequences to human health may be avoided. Moreover, the ability to adjust to such changes depends extensively across different nations. (Schneider, 2009) Poor nations are more exposed to the effects of global warming because they cannot cope with the social and economic situations that are likely to arise due to sea levels changes and severe weather changes (Tierney, 2009). Reducing green-house gas emissions is possible with the help of different types of practices and technologies that can be supplied by the industrial sectors, especially by the waste and land management sectors. Other sectors, including the economy sector needs to be also involved in improving climate change mitigations since green-house gas emissions are commonly present during economic activities. It is also quite important for countries to find ways to increase funding for research and development (Schneider, 2009). To conclude After many years of practice but without any solid basis of research, communicating climate change is now an intense interest to those who wants to increasing public participation. As mentioned before, there have been many different studies that have measured public opinions, attitudes and level of understanding with regards to scientific topics. Moreover, most of the studies have tested different approaches to identify the most effective ways to communicate the scientific consensus. Much of what is known or assume about climate change communication is influenced by studies in other fields such as; Advertising, social marketing and mass media communication. One has to keep in mind the following aims for future research and practice:- Create communication models and technologies, find more effective ways to communicate mitigations, identify ways to adapt to new strategies. Last but not least, one had to make sure to encourage deeper engagement and promote the importance of mass mobili zation (Moser, 2011) References Abraham, J., Cook, J., Fasullo, J., Jacobs, P., Mandia, S., Nuccitelli, D. (2014). Review of the consensus and asymmetric quality of research on human-induced climate change.Cosmopolis,2014(1), 3-18. Arrhenius,S; â€Å"On the Influence of carbonic acid in the air upon temperature of the ground†, The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science Series 5, 1896, vol. 41, pp. 237-276 Bode, C., Monroe, M., Megalos, M. (2014).  Strategies for communicating climate change to extension audiences: Fact sheet.Unpublished manuscript. Bolsen, T., Leeper, T. J., Shapiro, M. A. (2014). Doing what others do norms, science, and collective action on global warming.American Politics Research,42(1), 65-89. Cook, J., Nuccitelli, D., Green, S. A., Richardson, M., Winkler, B., Painting, R., . . . Skuce, A. (2013). Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature.Environmental Research Letters,8(2), 024024. Ding, D., Maibach, E. W., Zhao, X., Roser-Renouf, C., Leiserowitz, A. (2011). Support for climate policy and societal action are linked to perceptions about scientific agreement.Nature Climate Change,1(9), 462-466. Donald, R., Pidcock, R. (2013).  We all agree about communicating climate consensus, don’t we?. Retrieved fromhttp://www.carbonbrief.org/blog/2013/05/we-all-agree-about-communicating-climate-consensus,-dont-we Doran, P and Zimmerman, M; â€Å"Examining the scientific consensus on climate change†, Eos, 2009, vol. 90, 22-23. Fourier, J. (1827). On the temperature of the terrestrial sphere and interplanetary space.  Mà ©moires De l’Acadà ©mie Royale Des Sciences,7, 569-604. IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), â€Å"Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013†, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA Kahan, D. M., Peters, E., Wittlin, M., Slovic, P., Ouellette, L. L., Braman, D., Mandel, G. (2012). The polarizing impact of science literacy and numeracy on perceived climate change risks.Nature Climate Change,2(10), 732-735. Leiserowitz, A., Maibach, E., Roser-Renouf, C., Smith, N. (2011). Climate change in the american mind: Americans’ global warming beliefs and attitudes in may 2011.Yale University, New Haven, Leiserowitz, A, et al., â€Å"Climate change in the American mind: Americans’ global warming beliefs and attitudes in September, 2012†, Yale University and George Mason University, New Haven, CT: Yale Project on Climate Change Communication, 2012. Lewandowsky, S., Gignac, G. E., Vaughan, S. (2013). The pivotal role of perceived scientific consensus in acceptance of science.Nature Climate Change,3(4), 399-404. Maibach, E., Myers, T., Leiserowitz, A. (2014). Climate scientists need to set the record straight: There is a scientific consensus that humanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ caused climate change is happening.Earths Future, Malka, A., Krosnick, J. A., Langer, G. (2009). The association of knowledge with concern about global warming: Trusted information sources shape public thinking.Risk Analysis,29(5), 633-647. McCright, A. M., Dunlap, R. E., Xiao, C. (2013). Perceived scientific agreement and support for government action on climate change in the USA.Climatic Change,119(2), 511-518. Moser, S. C. (2010). Communicating climate change: History, challenges, process and future directions.Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change,1(1), 31-53. Moser, S. C., Dilling, L. (2011). Communicating climate change: Closing the science-action gap.The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society.Oxford University Press, Oxford,, 161-176. Nature Climate Change. (2013).  Climate consensus.3, 303. doi:10.1038/nclimate1875 Schneider, S. H. (2009).  Climate change science and policyIsland Press. Sturgis, P., Allum, N. (2004). Science in society: Re-evaluating the deficit model of public attitudes.Public Understanding of Science,13(1), 55-74. Tierney, L. (2009). The politics of climate change: who suffers most?. Retrieved fromhttps://www.mtholyoke.edu/~tiern20l/classweb/climatechange/suffer.html Tyndall, J. (1861). The bakerian lecture: On the absorption and radiation of heat by gases and vapours, and on the physical connexion of radiation, absorption, and conduction.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,151, 1-36. van der Linden, Sander L, Leiserowitz, A. A., Feinberg, G. D., Maibach, E. W. (2014). How to communicate the scientific consensus on climate change: Plain facts, pie charts or metaphors?Climatic Change,126(1-2), 255-262. Zimmerman, M. R. (2008).  The Consensus on the Consensus: An Opinion Survey of Earth Scientists on Global Climate Change

Sport Development Plan

As a newly joined member of the committee for the new multi-sports club which focuses on cycling, swimming and running I have come up with a 5 year development plan, which I am confident can give the club a vision and direction to go down in order to achieve an outcome of produce a number of good athletes and be successful in the future. The report will discuss possible funding sources, and identifying where and how much will be spent to progress the club and get it moving forward by hiring/buying facilities and equipment. The club has a variety of users ranging in ability level, gender, age and also sporting activity and the club has everything it needs to be successful in future. Therefore by coming together now and producing this report with future recommendations, the hope is that the club will continue to grow and develop sport and sportspeople in the local community. Sports Development Overview Sports development is explains by Colchester borough council (march 2010) as â€Å"an increase in the number of high-quality opportunities for people to take part in sport or activity† meaning that sports development is to ensure that all people have the opportunity to participate in sport, and that this opportunity will help and encourage the participant to take part again in future sporting activities. The most recognised and key model of sports development is the sports development continuum (Governing Bodies, 2007). The continuum highlights the four main stages of development where a performer could be placed. They are the foundation, participation, performance and excellence stages. The foundation stage of the pyramid incorporates grass roots level of sports, beginners and young children, and it is the stage where the whole emphasis is on participation and the enjoyment of sporting activities. It is where the performer is taught the basics skills and this normally takes place in an environment such as a P.E lesson at school. The participation stage is the next natural progression on the pyramid and it is when the performer actually makes a choice to be involved in sport because they enjoy taking part or would like to keep a healthy lifestyle. This can range from anything such as going to the local fitness club, or joining the local Sunday football side, and is normally a result of a positive enjoyment or social benefit at the participation stage. The performance stage is where the performer feels a strong desire to improve their technical ability further and that is one of the main reasons that they actually participate, and these performers tend to take part and represent at county level for example. The final and smallest stage on the continuum is the excellence stage, which is where small percentages of people that take part in physical activity reach but always strive to reach; this is at the standard of the professionals either at a national or world standard. The two main reasons for the development of sport today are â€Å"sport for sports sake† and â€Å"sport as a social tool†. Recently the government has taken a massive interest in sport as they believe that it can help to eliminate some of the problems in today’s society such as high crime levels and the obesity epidemic. This rising of sport on the government’s agenda has made for a massive evolution in sports development and it has progressed from a little known area to a massive and expanding profession. In 2002 they published the Game Plan report, it was constructed after a large amount of research, and the report shows how the government intend to achieve their sport and physical activity objectives in the future. They have backed this up with large sums of funding and (Game Plan 2002, paragraph 5) states that â€Å"over  £2 billion from the government and lottery will be going into sport over the next three years† which highlights the commitment to sport that has been made. The Government have also set a national target to expand the base and increase participation in England by 1% annually. (Single system for sport 2002) Various organisations that receive large amounts of funding promote and help sport progress in many different ways. For example there are organisations that operate such as Sport England whose main aim is to ensure that â€Å" A substantial and growing number of people from across the community play sport† (Sport England, 2008) whilst organisations like UK Sport are more interested in â€Å"leading sport in the UK to worldwide success† (UK Sport, 2009). Therefore by UK sport focusing on the excellence stage and Sport England concentrating on developing sport from the bottom of the continuum up to performance level it shows that different organisations are constantly trying to improve each section which will help to go about achieving further success in the future. Clubs Facilities A majority of the clubs participants train in swimming, running and cycling and we also have a participant they does all three and is an Olympic hopeful. Currently the club is hiring out the swimming pool at Sir Charles Arts College, the club is based here as they also have a gymnasium were they have exercise bikes where we run our fitness bike class. For the running the club uses the running track on the garrison in Colchester which is a rubber based competition running track. The swimming and running facilities the club use are of a good standard and all private for who is hiring it, however the cycling is not ideal as exercise bike are not the same as cycling on a real bike, this is the main point of the club that should be improved. Key Objectives & Proposals In order for the multi sports club to be successful it is essential that we capture the imagination of the local community through being diverse and offering them a variety of new activities to try, whilst also offering them regular sessions in as wide a range of activities as possible. As a result of this I have come up with 5 main objectives that must be met if this club is to be successful. They are †¢ Increasing the level of participation. †¢ Form strong links with other clubs, organisations and businesses in the community to help with sponsorships and funding. †¢ Improving the facilities that the club uses. †¢ Widen the range of available activities. †¢ Bring in and develop high quality coaches. Raising participation is the first key objective that I will aim for. We need people to attend the activities that we currently have and through the use of advertisement in and around the local town and papers we hope to raise awareness of the club and in turn raise the level of participation. Having regular paying clients will enable us as a centre to get back some of the costs of the improvements that will be made therefore it is very important that we raise the number of people through the door. I realise that bringing in coaches to replace the staff we already have will have an effect on the staff we do keep so if we give our current staff opportunities to learn and better themselves then their morale will rise, whilst it will also have a positive impact in the delivery/coaching standard of their sessions. This will provide us with a win/win situation as we will be getting better and higher qualified coaches providing more efficient sessions, which will give us as a centre a better reputation and make the club more attractive to the public. Also we intend to bring in highly qualified and vastly experienced coaches to help train our current staff to get them to a higher standard. This is important to the Olympic triathlon hopeful and to the club if we intend to produce more Olympic standard athletes. Improving the current facilities they we use would also be of a major benefit to the club. The current facilities could do with upgrading and the three sports that have the highest number of participants, swimming, cycling and running, we will get better facilities and new equipment especially cycling we need to get some bicycles so the club can train properly which will help to maintain our client base and make them feel part of the club and feel that they can improve further. The success of the sport club is dependent on the interest from the local community and for this reason I have highlighted it as a massive objective to interact with the local businesses, sports clubs and organisations to develop strong links were we can all gain something from each other because we all have a lot to offer. The sharing of facilities is something that we hope to gain through possible future links and we could also get some sponsorship from businesses that need promoting. By offering a wider range of activities I believe that we will be able to attract different target markets and again raise the level of people that attend the club. With the club being new we need to show as many people as possible what activities we have to offer, the wider the range of activities the more people we can reach out to. Funding To help with the aims and further developments that will be made to the sports centre, it is vital that we can source some funding and revenue from one of the leading sports organisations or from local sponsorship deals. There are many options that are available to us and the opportunities for funding are out there, however there is not an endless pot of money and we as a club must show that we would put the money to good use in order to stand any chance of investment. Sport coach UK is an example of an organisation that we would qualify for funding from. Our ideas fit in nicely with theirs and our objective to improve the level of our coaching staff would enable us to receive a sum of money.  £1000 would be enough to significantly improve the standard of coaching of our staff and give them a chance to gain a higher qualification which could help in their future careers. The club currently has one Olympic hopeful and we need to do everything possible to maximise their training and give them the best chance possible to succeed. To help the athlete we would bring in specialised high level coaches to train the athlete and also dieticians to provide the athlete with the necessary dietary needs in order to perform to the top level. UK sport deal with elite athletes and by hiring these specific staff to help our talented athletes we would qualify for funding. This funding would go towards the plans for the new equipment that our facility is badly in need of and also towards the payments for the top level coaches Also through our main objectives and our will to improve participation in sport we may even qualify for funding from Sport England who share the same objectives. With this also being a government initiative we would qualify for funding The club will apply to Sports England small grant scheme for the sum of  £10,000 to fund new equipment, facility hire and expansion of activities to increase participation to get the local community exercising and maybe get some participant up in the excellence section on the continuum like our triathlon Olympic hopefully. Also additional methods of raising funds could be through business sponsorship and other fundraising events in the local community. We would be holding regular fundraising sporting activities where all the local community is welcome, and any additional funds would be pumped straight back into the sports centre. Conclusion This report has suggested a series of future developments that should be implemented in order to maximise the potential of the multi sports club and the future needs have been outlined clearly. Possible funding opportunities have been thoroughly discussed and obtaining this funding will prove vital in achieving our key aims. I believe that the five year plan and also the fact that the Olympics will be local will help to make the centre a massive success and raise the participation levels greatly in the community. Also all of the staff must be well aware of the relevant sports development theory and continuums and the guidelines must be followed to ensure that we can all achieve success in the future.

Human Resource Management Influence Organizational Outcomes

How does Human Resource Management influence Organizational Outcomes? A Meta-Analytic investigation of Mediating Based on the Best-Practice model, a meta-analysis was conducted in order to examine the impacts of the three dimensions of Human Resource Systems which includes enhancement of skill, motivation and opportunity on both proximal and distal outcomes of an organization. The results indicate that skill-enhancing practices were more positively related to human capital and less positively related to employee motivation than motivation-enhancing practices and opportunity-enhancing practices. Moreover, the three dimensions of HR systems were related to financial outcomes both directly and indirectly by influencing human capital and employee motivation as well as voluntary turnover and operational outcomes in sequence(Jiang et al., 2012, p. 1270). This meta-analysis assessed and provided an extension to the theoretical model liking HRM with organizational outcomes. 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What Do You Consider to Be Dickens Intention in the First...

In this essay I will try to convey my thoughts on what Dickens intentions were throughout the first four chapters of Oliver Twist. Dickens intentions are made clear by using chapter headings. These were the episodic titles when he released the story to the public every month. The headings convey what happens in that chapter in a few short words. Treats of the place where Oliver Twist was born, and of the circumstances attending to his birth. The story begins with Oliver being born and after he gave This first proof of the free and proper action of his lungs, his mother died, and he was left alone in the world to become a child of the workhouseÂ… Dickens intention here is to use dramatic irony and the reader†¦show more content†¦The readers curiosity is aroused because Dickens never really explains the identity of the mother, and just leaves to the reader to imagine and invent the identity of Olivers mother, the reason she was coming to workhouse and he circumstances. Things like ‘the surgeon leaned over the body, and raised the left hand. The old story, no wedding-ring, I seeÂ… leaves us wondering whos Olivers dad is; is he dead? Did he run off? Did she run away? Dickens never tells you. Dickens arouses the readers sympathy by describing the death of Olivers mother in sad terms and words, detailing her actions and her appearance at that time. He describes the action of Olivers mother kissing him on the forehead in such sad words that the reader feels that they can identify with the action. ‘She imprinted her cold white lips passionately on its forehead; passed her hands over her face; gazed wildly round; shuddered; fell back Ââ€" and died. I think The Beadle, Mr. Bumble, The Drunk nurse; Oliver, Mrs. Mann and Mr. Gamfield stimulate the imagination of the reader and make them think what they would really be like, their accents, their dress, and their body language. I also think the workhouse and the undertakers make the readers think about whereShow MoreRelatedNarrative techniques of Charles Dickens in Oliver Twist and David Copperfield6299 Words   |  26 Pagesthesis Charles Dickens’s â€Å"Oliver Twist† and â€Å"David Copperfield†: Two novels compared (Narrative techniques) Mentor: Student: Dr. Muhamet Hamiti Arbnesha Kusari Table of Contents 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 2. Biography of Charles Dickens†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....4 3. Oliver Twist†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5Read MoreTale of Two Cities4458 Words   |  18 Pagesvery helpful if you use them!! Book I: Recalled to Life Book I, Chapter 1: The Period 1. What is the chronological setting of this opening chapter? What clues enable us to determine The Period? 2. How does Dickens indicate the severity of social conditions in both France and England? 3. Who is the king with a large jaw and a queen with a plain face? 4. How does Dickens satirize the superstitious nature of the English? 5. What oblique reference does Dickens make to theRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesPerspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject