Communicating the Scientific Consensus on Climate Change

Communicating the Scientific Consensus on Climate Change Marie Claire Attard Bason For many centuries, Climate change has been one of the most complicated problems around the world. It is a very difficult phenomenon to avoid, yet it can be manageable with the help of proper initiatives. All aspects of community life, including; Agriculture, economy, transportation, energy, culture and also construction are impacted by such climatic changes. (Schneider, 2009; Bode, Monroe Megalos, 2014). As members of society, with our daily lifestyle choices and motivation by a sequence of values, beliefs, norms and interpretation of the world, make us key players of climate change. Unfortunately, all of these are now challenged by global warming, and it is not surprising to see that people around the world are forming different trends in opinion sand different perceptions about anthropogenic climate change (Nature Climate Change, 2013). The 2013 IPCC report on climate change stated that there is a 95 % assurance that climate change is happening because it is caused by humans (IPCC 2013), moreover, this is not the only report that came to this conclusion. In fact, there are recent reviews done on different scientific abstracts with regards to this subject and have found out that most of these papers have accepted the scientific consensus on humans causing global warming (Cook et al. 2013) (Van der Linden et. al, 2014). Furthermore, there are scientists, some of which are considered to be of a high-profile that still put forward other possible reasons for observed changes of climate around the world (Abraham et. al, 2014). Understanding the Scientific Consensus: The development of a scientific understanding is often distinguished by a number of studies that suggest new and alternative reasons of why certain behaviors exist in the natural world. These, then, may or may not be acknowledged by other scientists; however, one could possibly consider investigating and testing furthermore the suggested ideas. More than 100 years ago, the first studies on greenhouse gases and their effect on the Earth’s climate were published (Fourier, 1824; Tyndall 1861; Arrhenius, 1896). Moreover, during the next following years, ways to improve the concept of AGW (Anthropogenic Global Warming) were suggested, yet the basic standards of it were already set. Unfortunately, the general public has continued to be hesitant on whether or not to dismiss the idea of Anthropogenic Global Warming in general or dismiss the concept of the scientific consensus (Zimmerman, 2008; Doran and Zimmerman, 2009; Leiserowitz et al., 2011; Leiserowitz et al., 2012; Pew, 2012). I n order to establish the degree of both of these ideas, a number of different approaches have been followed (Abraham et. al, 2014). Political scientists, sociologists and psychologists, have concentrated their studies on distinctive aspects that can influence the views of the public on global warming, yet they still argue the role of the scientific information and the idea of scientific consensus on climate change (Nature Climate Change, 2013). Now in the case of climate change, as mentioned in the previous text, multiple data show that greenhouse gases, produced by humans, are being captured inside the atmospheric zone, causing the surrounding area to warm. In his Skeptical Science paper, John Cook suggests that people are accepting more the fact that climate change is induced by humans, therefore a number of initiatives are being taken into consideration in order to tackle this phenomenon.Even though studies have shown that most scientists agree on the causes of climate change, people are still not sure what to believe. Why? In the past, scholars have claimed that scientists disagree amongst themselves on the c auses of climate change. Other studies have also suggested that there is a false balance in the media, where journalists introduce a point in question (in this case; Climate change) as being more about how people feel and think than the actual evidence provided (Donald Pidcock, 2013). The current Situation: There is the need to correct such misunderstandings about the scientific consensus. Public engagement with climate change has been taken for granted due to the fact that there is a huge gap in knowledge or public understanding. The â€Å"knowledge-deficit model†; coined by social scientists studying the public communication of science in the 1980s, has unfortunately been put into question (Moser and Dilling 2011; Sturgis and Allum 2004). In 2012, Kahan et al. have argued that conflicts over climate change have little to do with the public’s understanding of the scientific evidence. Yet, other recent research has repeatedly shown that the perceived level of scientific agreement on human-caused climate change actually functions as a critical â€Å"gateway belief† (Ding et al. 2011; Lewandowsky et al. 2013; McCright et al. 2013) (Van der Linden et. al, 2014) The public’s view of the scientific consensus is important on several aspects, especially when creating views and opinions on complicated scientific topics. The public depends on available sources of information to form their opinion, and trust that these sources are reliable. Their perception of scientific consensus also complements with a number of important beliefs and approaches towards serious interests on climate change and support ideas of mitigation (Ding et al., 2011; McCright et al., 2013). As found by Malka et al. (2009), the perception of scientific consensus brings about an agreement between the connection on climate concern and climate knowledge. This means that when one learns more about climate change and how it is produced, it automatically increases the attention and concern. These findings give boost to others by increasing people’s perceptive that climate change is happening, through the communication of the scientific consensus (Lewandowsky et al., 2012; Bolsen et al., 2014). If people keep on thinking that there is a disagreement amongst scientists, especially about Anthropogenic Global Warming, then it will definitely take longer to find action support. This controversy between the perception of the public and the overwhelming agreements amongst scientists, especially when there is a particular scientific topic being discussed, is defined by the â€Å"consensus gap†. This gap is causing strong effects on our society (Abraham et. al, 2014). The effect of the media: Given that most people get their awareness from mass media, one has to make sure that such information is given at best quality, so as to be more affective. Two main sources of mass media that impose great limitations when it comes to the scientific communication are the newspapers and television. The main reasons are that television news stories, often have less than a minute of air time, therefore these can’t be very detailed and informative, whilst newspaper articles are longer, but then again, they are not explained in scientific terms, so people still won’t truly understand the true meaning of climate change and what contributes to it. Scientists also need to understand more the journalistic norms and how journalisms work, whilst on the other hand, communicators should make an effort in increasing the scientific literacy of their mass audience in their articles/ segments and also explain how scientists have become more confident on different knowledge claims, espec ially when it comes to using probability statements. Furthermore, communicators should also make it more clearly to the public that just because there are different conclusions on specific scientific data/ findings, which may or may not be questionable to some groups in society, it might not mean that the real scientific methods, theories and bodies of evidence are at issue within the scientific community (Schneider, 2009) How to improve the public’s perception on climate change: Media communicators should continually promote and reveal the numerous ambitions, goals and strategies of climate change to those people who have an opposing view on this topic and who believe or claims that it is falsely presented by the scientific community. Right or wrong, such people do not follow a valid scientific method, therefore they lack of evidence and scientific support, and they cannot be reliable- their beliefs lacks of scientific status (Moser Dilling, 2011). In addition to communicating the scientific consensus, experts have agreed that certain messages would definitely make a difference. Climate change is real and that people are the main reason of its cause. Climate change is harmful to people, and people need to find ways to reduce it (Maibach et. al., 2014). Oversimplifying such messages can definitely lead to misunderstanding. Moreover, it is not that difficult to reduce the scientific consensus down to a few key sentences. In fact these might encourage people to search and point out reliable sources (Bode, Monroe Megalos, 2014) Communicators have concluded that the reason for lack of public engagement is due to the fact that there has been lack of information and understanding, therefore this issue needs to improve in order to encourage more people to be inspired and take action. They also concluded that if people have fear on potential disasters because no action has been taken yet, than it would motivate them to take action. Mass communication is by far the best way to reach the public with regards to this issue (Moser Dilling, 2011). Communicators have the possibility to use different ways, represent different values, and promote political, cultural, social, and economic frameworks of climate change, through a national discussion (Schneider, 2009) An experiment conducted by Sander van der Linden, Anthony Leiserowitz, Geoffrey Feinberg and Edward W. in 2014, tested three popular ways to communicating the scientific consensus. In the first try, a simple message was shown to a number of participants stating that: â€Å"97% of climate scientists have concluded that human-caused climate change is happening†. In the second try, the same participants were shown a pie chart describing the scientific consensus in a more visual way. For the third attempt, different metaphors where used to describe the consensus. At the end of this experiment, the participants were asked to express what they thought about the scientific consensus before and after participating in this experiment. This concluded that all of the three approaches; the descriptive text, the pie chart and the metaphors, made the public understand more on what the scientific consensus is about. Both the pie chart and the descriptive text were the most effective on the p articipants than the metaphors. The pie chart was then more efficient with people that had political backgrounds. To conclude results show that in order to improve the public’s knowledge on the scientific consensus on climate change; one has to find a way to ensure that the individual is not defined by political persuasion. Scientists, policy makers and even NGO’s have shown to respond more to using short, simple declarative sentences or simple pie charts to communicate the scientific consensus to the public. Since, metaphors were proven less effective; however they still can be very beneficial in explaining difficult scientific concepts. At the end of the day, in order to help improve the state of communication on the issue of climate change, every possible approach is better than nothing. It is important to help people gain knowledge, shape their way of thinking and help them understand more the purpose of a scientific consensus (Van der Linden et. al, 2014) Improving from climate change It will take a huge global effort to create and implement new ways to reduce climate change instances. There is the need to design and embrace new technologies that are aimed to reduce emissions caused by green-house gases so that damaging consequences to human health may be avoided. Moreover, the ability to adjust to such changes depends extensively across different nations. (Schneider, 2009) Poor nations are more exposed to the effects of global warming because they cannot cope with the social and economic situations that are likely to arise due to sea levels changes and severe weather changes (Tierney, 2009). Reducing green-house gas emissions is possible with the help of different types of practices and technologies that can be supplied by the industrial sectors, especially by the waste and land management sectors. Other sectors, including the economy sector needs to be also involved in improving climate change mitigations since green-house gas emissions are commonly present during economic activities. It is also quite important for countries to find ways to increase funding for research and development (Schneider, 2009). To conclude After many years of practice but without any solid basis of research, communicating climate change is now an intense interest to those who wants to increasing public participation. As mentioned before, there have been many different studies that have measured public opinions, attitudes and level of understanding with regards to scientific topics. Moreover, most of the studies have tested different approaches to identify the most effective ways to communicate the scientific consensus. Much of what is known or assume about climate change communication is influenced by studies in other fields such as; Advertising, social marketing and mass media communication. One has to keep in mind the following aims for future research and practice:- Create communication models and technologies, find more effective ways to communicate mitigations, identify ways to adapt to new strategies. Last but not least, one had to make sure to encourage deeper engagement and promote the importance of mass mobili zation (Moser, 2011) References Abraham, J., Cook, J., Fasullo, J., Jacobs, P., Mandia, S., Nuccitelli, D. (2014). Review of the consensus and asymmetric quality of research on human-induced climate change.Cosmopolis,2014(1), 3-18. Arrhenius,S; â€Å"On the Influence of carbonic acid in the air upon temperature of the ground†, The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science Series 5, 1896, vol. 41, pp. 237-276 Bode, C., Monroe, M., Megalos, M. (2014).  Strategies for communicating climate change to extension audiences: Fact sheet.Unpublished manuscript. Bolsen, T., Leeper, T. J., Shapiro, M. A. (2014). Doing what others do norms, science, and collective action on global warming.American Politics Research,42(1), 65-89. Cook, J., Nuccitelli, D., Green, S. A., Richardson, M., Winkler, B., Painting, R., . . . Skuce, A. (2013). Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature.Environmental Research Letters,8(2), 024024. Ding, D., Maibach, E. W., Zhao, X., Roser-Renouf, C., Leiserowitz, A. (2011). Support for climate policy and societal action are linked to perceptions about scientific agreement.Nature Climate Change,1(9), 462-466. Donald, R., Pidcock, R. (2013).  We all agree about communicating climate consensus, don’t we?. Retrieved fromhttp://www.carbonbrief.org/blog/2013/05/we-all-agree-about-communicating-climate-consensus,-dont-we Doran, P and Zimmerman, M; â€Å"Examining the scientific consensus on climate change†, Eos, 2009, vol. 90, 22-23. Fourier, J. (1827). On the temperature of the terrestrial sphere and interplanetary space.  Mà ©moires De l’Acadà ©mie Royale Des Sciences,7, 569-604. IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), â€Å"Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013†, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA Kahan, D. M., Peters, E., Wittlin, M., Slovic, P., Ouellette, L. L., Braman, D., Mandel, G. (2012). The polarizing impact of science literacy and numeracy on perceived climate change risks.Nature Climate Change,2(10), 732-735. Leiserowitz, A., Maibach, E., Roser-Renouf, C., Smith, N. (2011). Climate change in the american mind: Americans’ global warming beliefs and attitudes in may 2011.Yale University, New Haven, Leiserowitz, A, et al., â€Å"Climate change in the American mind: Americans’ global warming beliefs and attitudes in September, 2012†, Yale University and George Mason University, New Haven, CT: Yale Project on Climate Change Communication, 2012. Lewandowsky, S., Gignac, G. E., Vaughan, S. (2013). The pivotal role of perceived scientific consensus in acceptance of science.Nature Climate Change,3(4), 399-404. Maibach, E., Myers, T., Leiserowitz, A. (2014). Climate scientists need to set the record straight: There is a scientific consensus that humanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ caused climate change is happening.Earths Future, Malka, A., Krosnick, J. A., Langer, G. (2009). The association of knowledge with concern about global warming: Trusted information sources shape public thinking.Risk Analysis,29(5), 633-647. McCright, A. M., Dunlap, R. E., Xiao, C. (2013). Perceived scientific agreement and support for government action on climate change in the USA.Climatic Change,119(2), 511-518. Moser, S. C. (2010). Communicating climate change: History, challenges, process and future directions.Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change,1(1), 31-53. Moser, S. C., Dilling, L. (2011). Communicating climate change: Closing the science-action gap.The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society.Oxford University Press, Oxford,, 161-176. Nature Climate Change. (2013).  Climate consensus.3, 303. doi:10.1038/nclimate1875 Schneider, S. H. (2009).  Climate change science and policyIsland Press. Sturgis, P., Allum, N. (2004). Science in society: Re-evaluating the deficit model of public attitudes.Public Understanding of Science,13(1), 55-74. Tierney, L. (2009). The politics of climate change: who suffers most?. Retrieved fromhttps://www.mtholyoke.edu/~tiern20l/classweb/climatechange/suffer.html Tyndall, J. (1861). The bakerian lecture: On the absorption and radiation of heat by gases and vapours, and on the physical connexion of radiation, absorption, and conduction.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,151, 1-36. van der Linden, Sander L, Leiserowitz, A. A., Feinberg, G. D., Maibach, E. W. (2014). How to communicate the scientific consensus on climate change: Plain facts, pie charts or metaphors?Climatic Change,126(1-2), 255-262. Zimmerman, M. R. (2008).  The Consensus on the Consensus: An Opinion Survey of Earth Scientists on Global Climate Change

Sport Development Plan

As a newly joined member of the committee for the new multi-sports club which focuses on cycling, swimming and running I have come up with a 5 year development plan, which I am confident can give the club a vision and direction to go down in order to achieve an outcome of produce a number of good athletes and be successful in the future. The report will discuss possible funding sources, and identifying where and how much will be spent to progress the club and get it moving forward by hiring/buying facilities and equipment. The club has a variety of users ranging in ability level, gender, age and also sporting activity and the club has everything it needs to be successful in future. Therefore by coming together now and producing this report with future recommendations, the hope is that the club will continue to grow and develop sport and sportspeople in the local community. Sports Development Overview Sports development is explains by Colchester borough council (march 2010) as â€Å"an increase in the number of high-quality opportunities for people to take part in sport or activity† meaning that sports development is to ensure that all people have the opportunity to participate in sport, and that this opportunity will help and encourage the participant to take part again in future sporting activities. The most recognised and key model of sports development is the sports development continuum (Governing Bodies, 2007). The continuum highlights the four main stages of development where a performer could be placed. They are the foundation, participation, performance and excellence stages. The foundation stage of the pyramid incorporates grass roots level of sports, beginners and young children, and it is the stage where the whole emphasis is on participation and the enjoyment of sporting activities. It is where the performer is taught the basics skills and this normally takes place in an environment such as a P.E lesson at school. The participation stage is the next natural progression on the pyramid and it is when the performer actually makes a choice to be involved in sport because they enjoy taking part or would like to keep a healthy lifestyle. This can range from anything such as going to the local fitness club, or joining the local Sunday football side, and is normally a result of a positive enjoyment or social benefit at the participation stage. The performance stage is where the performer feels a strong desire to improve their technical ability further and that is one of the main reasons that they actually participate, and these performers tend to take part and represent at county level for example. The final and smallest stage on the continuum is the excellence stage, which is where small percentages of people that take part in physical activity reach but always strive to reach; this is at the standard of the professionals either at a national or world standard. The two main reasons for the development of sport today are â€Å"sport for sports sake† and â€Å"sport as a social tool†. Recently the government has taken a massive interest in sport as they believe that it can help to eliminate some of the problems in today’s society such as high crime levels and the obesity epidemic. This rising of sport on the government’s agenda has made for a massive evolution in sports development and it has progressed from a little known area to a massive and expanding profession. In 2002 they published the Game Plan report, it was constructed after a large amount of research, and the report shows how the government intend to achieve their sport and physical activity objectives in the future. They have backed this up with large sums of funding and (Game Plan 2002, paragraph 5) states that â€Å"over  £2 billion from the government and lottery will be going into sport over the next three years† which highlights the commitment to sport that has been made. The Government have also set a national target to expand the base and increase participation in England by 1% annually. (Single system for sport 2002) Various organisations that receive large amounts of funding promote and help sport progress in many different ways. For example there are organisations that operate such as Sport England whose main aim is to ensure that â€Å" A substantial and growing number of people from across the community play sport† (Sport England, 2008) whilst organisations like UK Sport are more interested in â€Å"leading sport in the UK to worldwide success† (UK Sport, 2009). Therefore by UK sport focusing on the excellence stage and Sport England concentrating on developing sport from the bottom of the continuum up to performance level it shows that different organisations are constantly trying to improve each section which will help to go about achieving further success in the future. Clubs Facilities A majority of the clubs participants train in swimming, running and cycling and we also have a participant they does all three and is an Olympic hopeful. Currently the club is hiring out the swimming pool at Sir Charles Arts College, the club is based here as they also have a gymnasium were they have exercise bikes where we run our fitness bike class. For the running the club uses the running track on the garrison in Colchester which is a rubber based competition running track. The swimming and running facilities the club use are of a good standard and all private for who is hiring it, however the cycling is not ideal as exercise bike are not the same as cycling on a real bike, this is the main point of the club that should be improved. Key Objectives & Proposals In order for the multi sports club to be successful it is essential that we capture the imagination of the local community through being diverse and offering them a variety of new activities to try, whilst also offering them regular sessions in as wide a range of activities as possible. As a result of this I have come up with 5 main objectives that must be met if this club is to be successful. They are †¢ Increasing the level of participation. †¢ Form strong links with other clubs, organisations and businesses in the community to help with sponsorships and funding. †¢ Improving the facilities that the club uses. †¢ Widen the range of available activities. †¢ Bring in and develop high quality coaches. Raising participation is the first key objective that I will aim for. We need people to attend the activities that we currently have and through the use of advertisement in and around the local town and papers we hope to raise awareness of the club and in turn raise the level of participation. Having regular paying clients will enable us as a centre to get back some of the costs of the improvements that will be made therefore it is very important that we raise the number of people through the door. I realise that bringing in coaches to replace the staff we already have will have an effect on the staff we do keep so if we give our current staff opportunities to learn and better themselves then their morale will rise, whilst it will also have a positive impact in the delivery/coaching standard of their sessions. This will provide us with a win/win situation as we will be getting better and higher qualified coaches providing more efficient sessions, which will give us as a centre a better reputation and make the club more attractive to the public. Also we intend to bring in highly qualified and vastly experienced coaches to help train our current staff to get them to a higher standard. This is important to the Olympic triathlon hopeful and to the club if we intend to produce more Olympic standard athletes. Improving the current facilities they we use would also be of a major benefit to the club. The current facilities could do with upgrading and the three sports that have the highest number of participants, swimming, cycling and running, we will get better facilities and new equipment especially cycling we need to get some bicycles so the club can train properly which will help to maintain our client base and make them feel part of the club and feel that they can improve further. The success of the sport club is dependent on the interest from the local community and for this reason I have highlighted it as a massive objective to interact with the local businesses, sports clubs and organisations to develop strong links were we can all gain something from each other because we all have a lot to offer. The sharing of facilities is something that we hope to gain through possible future links and we could also get some sponsorship from businesses that need promoting. By offering a wider range of activities I believe that we will be able to attract different target markets and again raise the level of people that attend the club. With the club being new we need to show as many people as possible what activities we have to offer, the wider the range of activities the more people we can reach out to. Funding To help with the aims and further developments that will be made to the sports centre, it is vital that we can source some funding and revenue from one of the leading sports organisations or from local sponsorship deals. There are many options that are available to us and the opportunities for funding are out there, however there is not an endless pot of money and we as a club must show that we would put the money to good use in order to stand any chance of investment. Sport coach UK is an example of an organisation that we would qualify for funding from. Our ideas fit in nicely with theirs and our objective to improve the level of our coaching staff would enable us to receive a sum of money.  £1000 would be enough to significantly improve the standard of coaching of our staff and give them a chance to gain a higher qualification which could help in their future careers. The club currently has one Olympic hopeful and we need to do everything possible to maximise their training and give them the best chance possible to succeed. To help the athlete we would bring in specialised high level coaches to train the athlete and also dieticians to provide the athlete with the necessary dietary needs in order to perform to the top level. UK sport deal with elite athletes and by hiring these specific staff to help our talented athletes we would qualify for funding. This funding would go towards the plans for the new equipment that our facility is badly in need of and also towards the payments for the top level coaches Also through our main objectives and our will to improve participation in sport we may even qualify for funding from Sport England who share the same objectives. With this also being a government initiative we would qualify for funding The club will apply to Sports England small grant scheme for the sum of  £10,000 to fund new equipment, facility hire and expansion of activities to increase participation to get the local community exercising and maybe get some participant up in the excellence section on the continuum like our triathlon Olympic hopefully. Also additional methods of raising funds could be through business sponsorship and other fundraising events in the local community. We would be holding regular fundraising sporting activities where all the local community is welcome, and any additional funds would be pumped straight back into the sports centre. Conclusion This report has suggested a series of future developments that should be implemented in order to maximise the potential of the multi sports club and the future needs have been outlined clearly. Possible funding opportunities have been thoroughly discussed and obtaining this funding will prove vital in achieving our key aims. I believe that the five year plan and also the fact that the Olympics will be local will help to make the centre a massive success and raise the participation levels greatly in the community. Also all of the staff must be well aware of the relevant sports development theory and continuums and the guidelines must be followed to ensure that we can all achieve success in the future.

Human Resource Management Influence Organizational Outcomes

How does Human Resource Management influence Organizational Outcomes? A Meta-Analytic investigation of Mediating Based on the Best-Practice model, a meta-analysis was conducted in order to examine the impacts of the three dimensions of Human Resource Systems which includes enhancement of skill, motivation and opportunity on both proximal and distal outcomes of an organization. The results indicate that skill-enhancing practices were more positively related to human capital and less positively related to employee motivation than motivation-enhancing practices and opportunity-enhancing practices. Moreover, the three dimensions of HR systems were related to financial outcomes both directly and indirectly by influencing human capital and employee motivation as well as voluntary turnover and operational outcomes in sequence(Jiang et al., 2012, p. 1270). This meta-analysis assessed and provided an extension to the theoretical model liking HRM with organizational outcomes. The results proved that all the three dimensions were positively inter-linked to each other also mediating the voluntary turnover and thus a better operational and financial outcome. This research is thus supportive evidence to the Flextronics strategy of best-practice. 2. Employee-Organization Exchange Relationships, HRM Practices, and Quit Rates of Good and Poor Performers Considering the positive operational and financial outcomes of the best-practice model and success of Flextronics adaptation of theShow MoreRelatedProcedural Justice And Job Satisfaction Of Nursing Employees1523 Words   |  7 Pages outcome. According to the write-up, â€Å"procedural justice and job satisfaction of nursing employees are positively and significantly related to their innovative behavior† (Xerri, 2014, p.4), and â€Å"interactional justice directly affects job satisfaction and indirectly affects innovative behavior through job satisfaction† (Xerri, 2014, p.4). 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What Do You Consider to Be Dickens Intention in the First...

In this essay I will try to convey my thoughts on what Dickens intentions were throughout the first four chapters of Oliver Twist. Dickens intentions are made clear by using chapter headings. These were the episodic titles when he released the story to the public every month. The headings convey what happens in that chapter in a few short words. Treats of the place where Oliver Twist was born, and of the circumstances attending to his birth. The story begins with Oliver being born and after he gave This first proof of the free and proper action of his lungs, his mother died, and he was left alone in the world to become a child of the workhouseÂ… Dickens intention here is to use dramatic irony and the reader†¦show more content†¦The readers curiosity is aroused because Dickens never really explains the identity of the mother, and just leaves to the reader to imagine and invent the identity of Olivers mother, the reason she was coming to workhouse and he circumstances. Things like ‘the surgeon leaned over the body, and raised the left hand. The old story, no wedding-ring, I seeÂ… leaves us wondering whos Olivers dad is; is he dead? Did he run off? Did she run away? Dickens never tells you. Dickens arouses the readers sympathy by describing the death of Olivers mother in sad terms and words, detailing her actions and her appearance at that time. He describes the action of Olivers mother kissing him on the forehead in such sad words that the reader feels that they can identify with the action. ‘She imprinted her cold white lips passionately on its forehead; passed her hands over her face; gazed wildly round; shuddered; fell back Ââ€" and died. I think The Beadle, Mr. Bumble, The Drunk nurse; Oliver, Mrs. Mann and Mr. Gamfield stimulate the imagination of the reader and make them think what they would really be like, their accents, their dress, and their body language. I also think the workhouse and the undertakers make the readers think about whereShow MoreRelatedNarrative techniques of Charles Dickens in Oliver Twist and David Copperfield6299 Words   |  26 Pagesthesis Charles Dickens’s â€Å"Oliver Twist† and â€Å"David Copperfield†: Two novels compared (Narrative techniques) Mentor: Student: Dr. Muhamet Hamiti Arbnesha Kusari Table of Contents 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 2. Biography of Charles Dickens†¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....4 3. Oliver Twist†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5Read MoreTale of Two Cities4458 Words   |  18 Pagesvery helpful if you use them!! Book I: Recalled to Life Book I, Chapter 1: The Period 1. What is the chronological setting of this opening chapter? What clues enable us to determine The Period? 2. How does Dickens indicate the severity of social conditions in both France and England? 3. Who is the king with a large jaw and a queen with a plain face? 4. How does Dickens satirize the superstitious nature of the English? 5. What oblique reference does Dickens make to theRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesPerspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject

Media Exposure Has Influenced An Individual s Opinion

Introduction It is no surprise that teens are almost always on a mobile device or a computer. In a Swedish survey conducted by Findhal and Zimic, 99% of 12-24 year olds have internet access (Mattebo, Larsson, Tyden, Olsson, Haggstrom-Nordin 2012). Media exposure has influenced an individual’s opinion because it has been known to reflect the public opinion (Chia Gunther 2006). According Fields and Schuman, as cited by Chia and Gunther (2006), the influence the media has done is known as a projection effect or â€Å"‘looking-glass effect’†, because â€Å"‘look out onto the world and somehow see their own opinions reflected back’†. Sexual harassment is defined as â€Å"unwanted, sex-related comments and behaviors that are appraised as offensive†¦show more content†¦Buchanan, According to Collinsworth, Magley, and Ramos, as cited by Buchanan, Rederstorff, and Settles, described that among plaintiffs, 69% of women were sexually harassed were reported to also meet the criteria for PTSD. In moderate to low level of harassment, there were negative psychological consequences as well, such as negative self-beliefs, personal, vulnerability, self-doubt, and powerlessness (Buchanan, Rederstorff, Settles, 2005). Additionally, Landrine and Klonoff, cited by Buchanan, Rederstorff, and Settles, argued that â€Å"sexist events are personal attacks on one’s gender, which is an essential, unchangeable characteristic of the self, the events may cause a result in an increase in psychological harm.† Teens today live in a world where media-based myths about sexuality and sex role behaviors (Fogarty 2006). The well-being of teenagers who were sexually harassed have expressed feelings of drop in self-esteem, insomnia, irritability, anger, betrayal, depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts (Fogarty 2006). There have been reports of physical effects of harassment such as self-harming headaches, stomach pains, and eating disorders (Fogarty 2006). Fogarty (2006) also mentions that there have been a decrease in academic performances, distractions in work and school, and attendance at work and school are related to having been sexually harassed. Adolescents who have been exposed to sexually

Five Ethical Approaches for Companies Free Essays

Being honest and trustworthy is one of the most important aspects within business ethics. The object of a business is to produce products that consumers have faith in and have confidence that they are getting the best deal with no hidden inconveniences. The Markkula article gives five examples of ethical decision that each business should take into consideration when making transactions with customers or implementing a product into the market. We will write a custom essay sample on Five Ethical Approaches for Companies or any similar topic only for you Order Now The utilitarian approach, virtue approach, rights approach, fairness approach, and common good approach are all steps the business should use to make sure their brand is ethical. Companies like amazon, apple, and Wal-Mart are ethical and have prospered because these companies hold everyone accountable for their actions and decision-making. Amazon has great policies set for the consumers with multiple low prices valuable material as well as Wal-Mart. Apple has a code of ethics that is set for all individuals that work for them. To more thoroughly detail these principles, Apple has drafted a code of business conduct that applies to all its operations, including those overseas†(Fund). Enron, Aig, and Fannie Mae Foundation are companies that did not always use ethical decision-making and therefore went under. â€Å"After 1992 Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were encouraged to purchase â€Å"affordable† mortgages from banks, which essentially meant mortgages that did not pass the usual creditworthiness requirement for loan†(Congleton, 2009). Fannie Mae gave loans to anyone who basically applied thus, resulting in a major crisis in America. Good ethics in business would be to compete fairly and honestly, to communicate truthfully and to not cause harm to others. These are things that Enron did not seem to display, which led to Enron’s operations file for bankruptcy in 2001†(Studymode 2008). Enron was convincing people do invest in insurances of their firms, but took the money and did not pay up for any claims. An unethical approach that Aig is known for is giving Ceo and other officials of the company bonuses and vacations when they were a faili ng business an investor were losing money. How to cite Five Ethical Approaches for Companies, Papers

Temperature Controlled Food Distribution †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Temperature Controlled Food Distribution. Answer: Introduction: The project is undertaken, managed and planned in Adelaide, Australia. The aim is to design, install, implement and integrate with the business with a total of five distinct food trailers that have been solar powered. They are set up at various strategic locations in the area. The report analyzes the idea of Project human resource management, quality management, integration, procurement. It also helps in understanding the managing the stakeholders and communications. The following study thus describes the control and planning of quality and human resources. This also includes the procurement, stakeholders and communications for the Project Plan of Solar Powered Food Trailers for Adelaide. The eco-friendly food trailers have been commonly run by those who have been looking to offer the economic and healthy options for the customers. They have been the kind of business owners throwing around large amounts of cash from the beginning (Dragan et al. 2013). This indicates that financing the eco-friendly food truck has been one of most massive hurdles. These food trucks have been very much cost-effective than running any stationary restaurant. This occurs mainly as the focus is made on eradicating the wastes and running the green business. Regarding the planning of the quality, the first step is to understand the objectives needed to be attained. This includes the specifications or characteristics, cycle time, expense, natural resources, yield, dependability and so on. The various steps in the processes have constituted the operating procedures and practices of the company. This must also include the allocating of responsibilities, resources and authorities while the various phases of the project or process are going on. The particular documented instructions, practices, procedures and standards are needed to be applied. There must be proper testing, inspection, assessment and audit programs in the appropriate stages (Campos et al. 2015). The documented procedures for modifications and changes to the quality plan are needed to be improved. The method is to be imposed to measure the achievement of the quality services. Further, the other actions are required to meet the objectives. At the top most level, the quality plans and goals are to be integrated with the entire strategic plans of the food trailers that have been solar powered at Adelaide, Australia. The policies and objectives are needed to be deployed across it. It must be reminded that all the functions have been fashioning their best ways individually to contribute to the top-level objectives and goals (Mintzer 2015). At the lower levels, the quality plan has been assuming the roles of the actionable plans. These projects have various forms relying on the results they have been producing. The quality plans have also been represented by several types of documents for building the provided results. The human resources: First of all, it is to be determined whether the food trailer has been ready for the new employees or not. It is known that there is a high rate of turnover for the employees of food truck than most of the other career fields external to the industry of food service. For slowing down the turnover, some of the considerations of the recruiting the food trucks must be taken that might go well for the team, staying loyal and bringing the welcoming and friendly atmosphere to the food trailer (Poulos and Pasch 2015). First, all the project managers must be selective. Despite the fact that the managers need to fill the opening immediately, they must not be cornered into hiring process entirely. The current staffs must be offered overtime as required. In various cases, the owners of the food trucks must have two categories of employees. The first one is those who have been working on the truck (Djevic, Mratinic and Protulipac 2015). The other one has been those who have been working in the office or commercial kitchen. The managers must base the various employees they have been hiring on the quantity of people the truck could handle. This also includes the number of workers needed in the commercial kitchen for preparing the food before making the way towards the truck (Smith 2014). The first one is the front of the house. In the sectors of food services, the term indicates the customer services that have been involving the interacting with the cashing out and serving of the customers. Their employees have been the public face of the food trailer. This is because those are the representatives interacted with the customers in most of the cases. The next one is the back of house staffs. They have been performing every other operational activity of the food trucks like cleaning, cooking and bookkeeping. Since the maximum of the vehicles could house just between the six and two employees with comfort, most of these staffs have been responsible for the various activities. Next, the food truck service window attendants are to be considered who must be professional and reliable. These members require being familiar with the menu in the way how the food items get prepared and whether the individual orders are being permitted (Ryan 2017). The food business managers of the mobiles should include all types of businesses of food trucks from overseeing the commercial kitchen and the truck operation for fulfilling the last-minute absences of the regular employees. The chef and the cooks for the food trucks are responsible for everything going on in the kitchens (Ringsberg and Lumsden 2016). They must be involved in training and hiring processes of cooks and the other staffs as possible. Next, the food truck kitchen workers are needed to be considered in the back of house weighing and measuring the ingredients and stir and straining the sauces and coupons. They have also been peeling, cleaning and slicing fruits and vegetables and making salads. The driver of the food trucks is considered at last. The managers should hire drivers of the truck depending on the size of the food truck and the requirements of the vehicle driving at Adelaide, Australia (Tanas?, Brum? and Dobo? 2015). All the above perquisites are to be verified before the purchasing of the solar power food trailers. This helps in knowing that the project is ahead of time and whether they need to hire the driver differently. They also need to know the staff members to hold the driver's license commercially. The procurements: There have been various ways in which the food trucks have been taking their technological sophistication levels to the higher range than ever expected externally. The first one is the alternative fuel. The managers must startup the move systems to reinvent the food trucks and run the pilot program at Adelaide, Australia. The new trailer must be ergonomically engineered to be suitable and safer for the workspace for cooking (Toups and Carleton 2013). Thus instead of noisy generators, they have been running on the hybrid energy systems that are fueled by natural gas, rechargeable batteries and solar. The social media and the rise of food trucks are linked intimately. Few food trucks have already been found to create their business models across the constant streams of Facebook updates. The next one is the mileage tracking. The reason is that obstacles to the entry in the business of food truck have been lower than various storefront restaurant and retail options. It is needed as anyone gets overlooked (Rai and Tassou 2017). It has cost as the food trucks never move across. They have not only been taking advantage of the shifting tastes but also promoting the higher sense of immediacy and novelty. The leaders should be aware which of the carts have been operating in the neighborhoods and bringing in the most extensive volume. The development of technologies has been making that possible to get the appropriate weather forecasts making considerable differences to the food truck operations. The truck operator has been religiously checking the precise risks of estimates at a very sluggish day at the office. The food trucks have been promoting higher novelty and keeping their appeal fresh. However, this has been looking for settling down the long-term relationships with the customers. The mobile app has been letting the food trucks to push the targeted offers, publish the scheduled and create the loyalty programs (Holmberg, Sternberg and Sjgren 2014). The communications: Regarding the communications, the mobile food platform is the most effective. The determination of what platform or vehicle is to be considered various factors are needed to be found. First of the type of menu is to be determined. As the list needs fryers, flat-top grills and any other assorted kitchen equipment, a full-seized trailer is to be required. Then no so sales planned for a day is to be determined. The number of sales intended regularly; the more storage space is needed. As smaller platforms could sell the same amount of food truck or trailer, multiple trips to the kitchen are to be required for keeping the business stocked for meeting various needs. Then the local parking restrictions are to be determined. Adelaide possesses their set of limits on parking related to the food industry by mobiles. The local municipality is to be checked to seek what has applied to the project (Lee et al. 2017). Next, the kind of atmosphere is analyzed as per as the required concept. As the project needs to be more mobile, the food trailer is the most effective option. Then the local commercial truck restrictions are required. As any food truck is planned, the vehicle restrictions at Adelaide are needed to be known. As per as the limits on the length of the commercial trucks the range of the vehicle used is to be considered. Further, the hugeness of the parking spots is to be determined from where the plan of selling is made. Lastly, the amount of staff members needed to be operated is required to be determined. For instance, as the project needs more than three or four staffs to run the given mobile business in Adelaide, less than about a hundred square feet of the floor space would not be sufficient. The food trailers possess more room for the staff members, storage and equipment (Dorking et al. 2015). The benefits of the smaller number of employees permitted to get a very much lower platform making that easier to fit into tighter spaces of parking. This also helps in saving money on the fuel needed to keep the business mobile. Moreover, the MST or the mobile satellite trailer could be a useful option. This is the self-contained and a turnkey mobile trailer. It is also towable by various small vehicles. As at the location, a wireless hotspot or the emergency communication link can be established in less than ten minutes. This technology is the absolute best value for the trailer of satellite communication on the current market. In the current project, one of the leading hurdles with the fast advent of the food trucks is that Adelaide has its distinct approach to regulate and make that hard to implement the standardized organizations. The regulatory debates have been shaped by various view-points of the local stakeholders (Pessoa et al. 2015). This includes the vendors of food trucks, the owners of local restaurants, and the associations of the restaurants, city officials and consumers. Those regulations have often been reflecting the values of priorities of those stakeholders. At Adelaide, the actively promoted food trailers indicate the mean for spurring the economic activities. However, the city can even face high obstacles to the food-truck friendly regulations highly because of the vocal opposition from the restaurant associations. Various understandings from the project: This part of the management is to be done as per as the definition of the PMBOKGuide. This includes the activities and processes for identifying, defining, combining, unifying and coordinating the different processes and management activities under the process groups (Alvarez 2016). At first, the kind of food trailer appropriate for Adelaide is needed to be determined along with the tools for serving the foods. After the lists of equipment are created, the following step is to find out the quantity of space that is needed. The business must assure to get every specific of all the tools to be included in the trailer (Poulos and Pasch 2015). Further, the layout is to be determined where every element of the equipment is needed to be placed. Here the key terminologies and significance of the management are to be determined. Then the reasons, history and the quality standards are needed to be understood. The discussion also helped in identifying the quality management tools and the use of the plan of the quality management. Then the idea for the quality is considered. Here the needs of the stakeholders and the relevant standards are needed to be identified (Bagheri, Fayazbakhsh and Bahrami 2017). As per as the quality assurance and control, the right measures are needed to be established. The quality of the project is required to be controlled along with dealing with the shortcomings in the quality. Then the class is to be evaluated measuring the performance, retrieving feedback from the stakeholders, understanding the lessons learned and utilizing the consistent development. Project Human Resources Management: Due to the various brevity of the current project team, it has been primary to master the multiple processes for managing the resources as per as numerous obligations. The discussion has helped in adequately estimating the number of human resources required by task estimates. Then the staffs are needed to be selected with proper skills (Toups and Carleton 2013). The expenses derived from the allocating of those resources are required to be planned. Further, the analysis indicates to assure that the funds get enough timing to devote to the project. Lastly, the time deviations for avoiding any delays must be controlled. This could lead to the non-expendable costs. The analysis has been helped in understanding what has been needed to manage the receipt, review, order and the approval of elements from the suppliers. It also specifies the way the relationships are maintained assuring the high level of service required. It is the systematic planning, monitoring, revision and implementation of every channel. This also considered the organization and the dissemination of the latest communication directives (Soltero et al. 2013). The discussion has shown that it has been a significant component to the successful delivery of the project, activity or program. The stakeholders in this project can affect or affected by the current plan. Conclusion: The above project has considered the planning, initiation, managing, controlling and closure of activities regarding the Solar Powered Food Trailers for Adelaide. It has pertained to the particular team to achieve the set of objectives and meeting the specific set of success criteria under a given time and budget. This project could be stated to be the short format of endeavours that have been designed to produce the unique set of products and specific outcomes. This has defined the initiation and finished with the most of the project constrained within time. At the end of the discussion, the outcomes understood from the various project initiatives are demonstrated. References: Alvarez, N., 2016. Regulating the Food Truck Industry: An Illustration of Proximity and Sanitation Regulations.J. Food L. Pol'y,12, p.1. Bagheri, F., Fayazbakhsh, M.A. and Bahrami, M., 2017. Real-time performance evaluation and potential GHG reduction in refrigerated trailers.international journal of refrigeration,73, pp.24-38. Campos, J., Gil, J., Mouro, J., Peixe, L. and Antunes, P., 2015. Ready-to-eat street-vended food as a potential vehicle of bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial resistance: an exploratory study in Porto region, Portugal.International journal of food microbiology,206, pp.1-6. Dailey, D., Robinson, J. and Starbird, K., 2016. Sharing food, gathering information: the context and visibility of community information work in a crisis event. IConference 2016 Proceedings. Djevic, M., Mratinic, B. and Protulipac, T., 2015. Testing Resultes of Trailers for Mixing and Distribution of Livestock Food. Dorking, S., Eisen, P., Godfrey, J., Lopez, R. and Smith, S., 2015. Heartsides Glean Ride: Bringing Fresh Food and Ideas to the Heart of Grand Rapids. Dragan, P.V., Zoran, M.I., Rajko, M. and Aleksandra, D., 2013. Using the error function for evaluation of the mixing trailers food distribution uniformity. InFirst International Symposium on Agricultural Engineering, ISAE-2013, 4th-6th October 2013, Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia. Proceedings. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade. Franck, K.A. and Speranza, P., 2015. Food, time and space. Ethno-Architecture and the Politics of Migration, p.181. Holmberg, A., Sternberg, H. and Sjgren, J., 2014. Closer Starfish: A research project investigating freight distribution cooperation opportunities in Sweden.Lund, Sweden, Lund University, Faculty of Engineering. Lee, J., Price, J., Kaczmarek, N. and Hamilton, H., 2017. Design and Building a Solar Powered Mobile Refrigeration.Proceedings of Student Research and Creative Inquiry Day,1. Mintzer, R., 2015.Start Your Own Food Truck Business: Cart Trailer Kiosk Standard and Gourmet Trucks Mobile Catering Bustaurant. Entrepreneur Press. Pessoa, M.C., Mendes, L.L., Gomes, C.S., Martins, P.A. and Velasquez-Melendez, G., 2015. Food environment and fruit and vegetable intake in a urban population: A multilevel analysis.BMC public health,15(1), p.1012. Poulos, N.S. and Pasch, K.E., 2015. The Outdoor MEDIA DOT: The development and inter-rater reliability of a tool designed to measure food and beverage outlets and outdoor advertising.Health place,34, pp.135-142. Rai, A. and Tassou, S.A., 2017. Environmental impacts of vapour compression and cryogenic transport refrigeration technologies for temperature controlled food distribution.Energy Conversion and Management. Ringsberg, H. and Lumsden, K.K., 2016. Logistic management of trailers based on the EPCIS standard: A cross-case analysis.Research in Transportation Business Management,19, pp.65-72. Ryan, J.M., 2017. Guide to Food Safety and Quality During Transportation: Controls, Standards and Practices. Academic Press. Smith, M.C., 2014. Meeting dual needs: A novel food bank initiative addressing diabetes and hunger.AADE in Practice,2(3), pp.24-31. Soltero, E.G., Ortiz Hernndez, L., Jauregui, E., Lvesque, L., Lopez Y Taylor, J., Barquera, S. and Lee, R.E., 2017. Characterization of the School Neighborhood Food Environment in Three Mexican Cities.Ecology of food and nutrition,56(2), pp.139-151. Tanas?, L., Brum?, I.S. and Dobo?, S., 2015. The role of short food supply chains in the development of small-scale local producers case study: Harghita County. InAgrarian Economy and Rural Development-Realities and Perspectives for Romania. 6th Edition of the International Symposium(pp. 286-293). Bucharest: The Research Institute for Agricultural Economy and Rural Development (ICEADR). Toups, N. and Carleton, B., 2013. Embracing Disruption: A Cloud Revolution Manifesto.